How to remove Spyware Manually

 

You've run through all the traditional steps, tried Ad-Aware and Spybot and HijackThis, and you still have spyware. What now? Well, you can try following this manual removal guide. It's not for the faint of heart, and it may actually be less effort to simply back up your files, reformat your drive, and reinstall Windows. Please note that you will need full access to a clean computer in order to repair your infected computer!

Steps

1. Turn off the infected computer. Open the case and remove its main hard drive (the one containing the OS partition).
2. If you have a USB/IEEE1394 external drive enclosure, you may connect the infected drive to that instead of completing the next two steps.
3. Turn off the clean computer. Open the case and connect the infected drive.
4. Turn on the clean computer. Make absolutely sure that it boots into the clean OS, not from the infected drive! Most PCs have a boot choice menu which can be accessed via the F11 or ESC key soon after power on.
5. Once the clean computer's OS has booted, you are going to want to clean out temp files from the infected drive, in order to make it easier to search. But first, you want to see all files, even hidden and system files. Go to "Control Panel" -> "Folder Options", and click on the "View" tab at the top of the "Folder Options" window. You are going to want to change the following options:
   • Turn ON: Display the contents of System Folders
   • Turn ON: Show hidden files and folders
   • Turn OFF: Hide extensions for known file types.
   • Turn OFF: Hide protected operating system files (Recommended)
6. Take note of the drive letter of your infected drive. It's probably going to be E: or F:, depending on the number of hard drives, partitions, and CD/DVD drives you have in your clean computer. I'm going to assume that we're dealing with the F: drive for this article.
7. Temp files are stored in the following locations. Some of these locations may not exist, some may be in slightly different places. It's important that you find and clear the cache for all of your browsers (IE/Netscape/ Firefox/Opera) and that you clear it for every single user! Check the following folders and delete their contents, but not the directories themselves.
   • F:\TEMP
   • F:\Windows\TEMP or F:\WINNT\Temp (Only NT4 and Windows 2000 use "WinNT")
   • F:\WINNT\Profiles\ UserName\ Local Settings\Temp
   • F:\WINNT\Profiles\ UserName\ Local Settings\Temporary Internet Files
   • F:\WINNT\Profiles\ UserName\ Local Settings\Applicatio n Data\Mozilla\ Firefox\Profiles \SomeRandomName. default\Cache
   • F:\Documents and Settings\UserName\ Local Settings\Temp
   • F:\Documents and Settings\UserName\ Local Settings\Temporary Internet Files
   • F:\Documents and Settings\UserName\ Local Settings\Applicatio n Data\Mozilla\ Firefox\Profiles \SomeRandomName. default\Cache
8. At this point, make sure your recycle bin is empty of all files.
9. Now that your temporary files folders have been cleared, there are a lot fewer files to search through. This should make the next few steps a bit less tiresome.
10. Good, you've trimmed some of the bloat, now try backing up the infected drive to a folder on the clean computer, if you have room. If you can possibly back up the entire drive, do it. Otherwise, you should be able to get away with just the "Documents and Settings" folder ("Profiles" under NT4 and Win2K) and maybe a few of the games folders (Some games store their saved games, maps, high scores, etc in their program folder).
11. Now you should perform full antivirus and spyware scans of your computer. This will hopefully find some things on the infected F: drive and remove them.
    • Download and install both Spybot Search and Destroy and Lavasoft Adaware. It is important that you use both of these utilities, as they will often find more malware together.
    • Update definition files when prompted.
    • Scan your machine (this could take a while).
    • Remove any spyware that is found.
    • Make sure you have an antivirus program installed and up-to-date. Perform a full system scan and remove any viruses, trojans, and worms it finds.
12. When all the scans are complete, go to "C:\Program Files" (on your clean PC's drive) and copy the entire program directories for Spybot, Ad-Aware, and your anti-virus to a new directory on your infected drive, called "F:\Cleaners" . Also copy the installers for these programs to the "F:\Cleaners" folder. You may need them later.
13. Hit WindowsKey+F to bring up the find files window. If you see a stupid little animated dog, you may want to turn him off, because he makes searching a lot more annoying.
14. The search options you will want to use for the searches we will perform are "Search for All files and folders" with the following "Advanced Options" turned ON:
    • Search system folders
    • Search hidden files and folders
    • Search subfolders
15. For your first search, I want you to look only in the F:\ drive for file names matching "*.exe" and which have been modified in the past week. Simply enter "*.exe" : "asterisk period exe", and specify "within the last week." You may want to try searching for "past month" as well, depending upon how long you've been infected.
    • Run the search. Let it run to completion.
    • Examine the files it found. Some of them you may recognize, especially if you have recently installed some programs. For example, if you recently upgraded or installed Lavasoft Ad-Aware, you may see "F:\Program Files\Lavasoft\ Ad-Aware SE Personal\Ad- Aware.exe" in this list. Ignore this kind of file. The kind of file you're looking for is usually in F:\Windows\system32 , less than 100KB in size, and has a funny name like "lkaljya.exe"
    • Any files you find should be moved into a temporary directory until you can verify that they are legit. For example, you can create a folder "F:\quarantine" and move them into a subfolder "F:\quarantine\ Windows\system32 " in there.
    • If you have an on-access antivirus program, it may actually start complaining that it found a trojan the second you select the suspect file. If it does, then don't bother quarantining it, just let the antivirus delete it.
    • Pay particular attention to *.exe files with either random or pretentious names. Pretentious names try to appear important by being very close to actual useful programs. For example, a useful program is "svchost.exe" , while a suspect program would be "scvhost.exe"
    • Another good way of identifying good products from bad is by right-clicking the executable and choosing "Properties" , then by choosing the "Version" tab (if there is one). If the file is digitally signed by a company, it will have a "Company Name" property on this tab, such as "Microsoft Corporation" or "Apple Computer Inc" or "Logitech", etc. These files are probably good. If the file is not signed, then you should investigate further.
    • When in doubt, go to google and type the full name of the suspect executable: "scvhost.exe" , for example. Examine the search results. Often you will see links like "scvhost.exe, good or bad?" or "What does this file do?" and you can see whether or not it is a necessary file or a trojan.
    • Pay particular attention to any *.exe files you find in F:\windows\system32 and (especially) anywhere in F:\Documents and Settings. There really shouldn't be many/any executables in the "Documents and Settings" folder.
16. Repeat the previous step, but search for file names matching the pattern "*.dll" instead.
17. Repeat the previous step, but search for file names matching the pattern "*.sys" instead.
18. This last step is fairly complicated, but is usually successful at getting rid of most of the most stubborn worms and trojans. Pay close attention and don't screw up.
19. Go to Start->Run and type "regedit" and hit enter.
20. Load the "SOFTWARE" hive from the infected computer and remove any bad "run on login" entries.
    • Select HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE by left-clicking it.
    • Go to the File menu and choose "Load Hive".
    • Navigate to F:\Windows\System32 \Config and choose the file named "SOFTWARE".
    • It will ask you for a key name. Type "INFECTED_SOFTWARE" and hit enter.
    • Click the plus sign next to HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE to reveal the key "INFECTED_SOFTWARE" .
    • Navigate to HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\ INFECTED_ SOFTWARE\ Microsoft\ Windows\CurrentV ersion\Run.
    • Back it up! Right-click on "Run" and choose "Export Data" and save the file as "INFECTED_SOFTWARE, RUN.reg" in the quarantine folder. Note that if you need to restore this backup later on, while the infected computer is running, you'll have to open the reg file in a text editor and slightly change the key path. HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\ INFECTED_ SOFTWARE would need to be changed to HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\ SOFTWARE, for example. If you merely want to immediately restore the reg file while running on the clean computer, you don't have to edit the file; just make sure that the hive is still loaded and double-click the reg file to re-insert its keys/values into the appropriate places.
    • In the right pane you should see a list of entries. Some of these may include Java Update, AOL Instant Messenger, MSN Messenger / Windows Live Messenger, ICQ, Trillian, nVidia / ATI drivers, Sound drivers, Keyboard / Mouse drivers, Antivirus, Firewall software, etc. Again, use your best judgment and the methods described earlier for differentiating good from bad. If you determine that something is bad, grab the EXE file pointed to by the key and throw it into the quarantine folder, and delete the key. You can always restore it later using the registry backup.
    • Perform the same steps in "RunOnce" and "RunOnceEx", right next to the "Run" key. They may or may not have entries in them.
    • When you are done, it is important that you click on the "INFECTED_SOFTWARE" and then go to the File menu and choose "Unload Hive".
21. Load the "DEFAULT" hive from the infected computer (F:\Windows\ System32\ Config\DEFAULT) and remove any bad "run on login" entries. Use the same steps as in the "SOFTWARE" step. Note: the "DEFAULT" hive may not even have a "Run" key. If that's the case, skip it. Be sure to unload "INFECTED_DEFAULT" when you're done.
22. Load each user's hive from the infected drive. You will find the hive at F:\Documents and Settings\UserName\ NTUSER.DAT -- load it as "INFECTED_USERNAME" and then go through its "Run/RunOnce/ RunOnceEx" keys for bad entries. You know the drill by now, right? Be sure to unload each hive when you're done.
23. If you're using an external hard drive enclosure, use "Safely Remove Hardware" to remove it from your PC, turn it off, and remove the (hopefully, by now) cleaned drive. Otherwise, you need to power down your clean PC and remove the cleaned drive from the case.
24. Reinstall the cleaned drive in its own case and power on your cleaned PC.
25. If your PC absolutely refuses to boot at this point, you may have no choice but to wipe the drive clean and reinstall Windows. Make sure you have everything backed up and all your reinstall CDs and license keys handy before you do this.
26. If your PC boots, you should immediately run the anti-spyware programs in the "Cleaners" folder. If there's any spyware left on your PC, it's probably in a weakened state at this point and may succumb now. Also run your currently installed anti-virus program, or try running your anti-virus program from the "Cleaners" folder; it may or may not work.
27. If you're certain that you have removed all malware, you may continue using your Windows install. However, if performance is unacceptable, you may have no choice but to reinstall. Some malware is so persistent that it's less effort to simply start over with a clean slate.

Tips

• Windows NT and Windows 2000 use a "WINNT" folder instead of a "WINDOWS" folder.
• Windows 95/98/ME are probably not worth repairing. Just backup, clean them out and reinstall, or reformat and install Windows XP. If your computer can't support XP, go buy a new one.

Warnings

• Don't delete files unless you're sure they're bad. Put them in a special quarantine folder.
• Be careful when clicking on files. Don't double-click, you don't want to infect your clean PC! If you have single-click file opening turned on, turn it off!

Things You'll Need

• Another computer. This process won't really work unless you can kill the spyware while it's inactive

Tips to Getout of Debt

In debt and don't know how to get out of it? Here are six tips to get you started.

1. Make clearing debt a priority

For the moment, don’t look at avenues to invest your money. Just look at channelising all your funds towards getting debt-free.

Look at all the possible avenues from where money could come in: an inheritance, a gift, a bonus, a tax refund.

Use all this additional money towards repaying your loans.

If you get an increment, don’t invest the extra income or spend it. Channelise it towards your loan repayment.

If your loan is a fixed amount every month, then accumulate the increment over a few months and pre-pay your loan.

If your loan is a credit card debt, then repay it every month with this incremental amount.

2.Stop using your card

Talking about credit cards, if you owe a huge amount on your credit card, stop using the card.

Because if you continue to do so, it becomes very difficult to get out of debt.

That’s because the amount that you owe the bank is not just the outstanding amount which you have not cleared. Now, every single payment you make on the card also gets caught up in this loan.

Say you owe the bank Rs 10,000 on your card. This month, you use your card thrice. Twice at a restaurant and once for shopping. You spend Rs 3,000 totally. When your next statement is sent to you, you now owe the bank Rs 10,000 + Rs 3,000.

And, the rate of interest on the outstanding amount (Rs 10,000) is now applied even to the Rs 3,000.

Let’s say the bank charges 2.5%.

That means, you have to pay 2.5% not only on the Rs 10,000 but on Rs 13,000. The more you spend, the bigger your loan gets.

3. Keep a tab

If you are only using cash and no longer using your card, then it is easy to keep tab.

Withdraw just what you need for the month and live within that amount.

If you do not owe any money on your card and are using it, it is difficult to keep a tab on spending.

What you can do is to keep a simple clip/placeholder on your refrigerator and keep all credit card spending counterfoils there.

Or you could keep them in a little box.

Everytime you add to this, total it up. If you have reached your limit, take the card out of your wallet and use it only after you have settled your bill.

Not only will this help you get disciplined but if you constantly see what you spend, you will fear spending more (hopefully!) .

4. Curb spending

Ah! Sounds tough?

Not too difficult actually.

Don’t stop spending altogether. Just curb it.

Pick an area or two where you spend a lot: Eating out, shopping, visiting coffee shops, cigarettes. Now cut it down. If you blow up Rs 3,000 every month on eating down, cut it down to Rs 1,500.

Channelise all these extra savings not towards other areas of spending but towards paying back your loan.

That way, you still get to go out though not as often. Don’t worry if your social life is hindered, its only for a while.

5. Prioritise your debt

Don’t try to settle all your debts at one go. You will panic and drown in it.

Prioritise your debt. Select some loans to be paid before the rest.

Don’t just assume that the largest loan must be repaid first. Look at other factors such as the tax benefits and the rate of interest on the loan.

Once you prioritise you loans as “Urgent”, “Not so urgent” and “Can wait”, you will know where to channelise your extra money.

6. Have a time frame

Don’t just promise yourself that you will eventually pay back all your loans and get out of debt.

Give yourself a time frame.

If the debt amount is huge, then give yourself a couple of years.

If it is not too bad, then maybe six months should be fine.

During this period make a sincere effort to get debt free.

Foods that Lower Cholesterol

We often tell peoples to take nutritional changes at a pace that feels comfortable to them. That's not good enough when it comes to cardiovascular disease. The consequences of doing too little are severe-heart attack, stroke, or worse. Sadly, not everyone gets a second chance. So please don't wait until after the next vacation, or your daughter's wedding, or that anniversary dinner to start. Our advice is to start immediately and go for broke! Change your diet, change your habits, change your lifestyle.

High cholesterol can be caused by several factors, some you can change, and some you can't. Heredity can play a big part. Some people can have a perfect heart-healthy lifestyle, and still have skyrocketing cholesterol because their bodies naturally make too much of it- our bodies' production of cholesterol is independent from what we eat. For these folks, medication is often the only way to bring down their numbers. However, for the vast majority of people diagnosed with high cholesterol, you can improve your profile by reducing body weight (if you are overweight), increasing physical activity, and following my cholesterol- busting nutrition program.
Right off the bat, We tell you this:
If you are overweight, focus on losing weight. Research has shown that losing just 10 pounds can reduce LDL cholesterol by 5 to 8 percent.
Become more physically active. Even moderate exercise can help improve your cholesterol, as well as triglycerides, and blood pressure.
Specific foods to limit or avoid
The top dietary recommendations for lowering cholesterol are to eliminate or at least drastically limit the foods you eat that contain saturated fats, trans fats, dietary cholesterol, and refined carbohydrates.
Saturated fats
Saturated fats are found in animal-based foods, including meats, butter, whole-milk dairy products (including yogurt, cheese, and ice cream), and poultry skin. They are also found in some high-fat plant foods, including palm oil. Numerous studies have shown that by replacing saturated fat with olive oil or nuts (monounsaturated fat)... you can reduce LDL-cholesterol by significant amounts.
Trans fats
Trans fats were developed in a laboratory to improve the shelf life of processed foods -- and they do. But calorie for calorie, trans fats are even more dangerous than the saturated fats. Most stick margarines contain trans fats, and trans fats are found in many packaged baked goods, potato chips, snack foods, fried foods, and fast food that use or create "hydrogenated oils". (All food labels must now list the amount of trans fats, right after the amount of saturated fats - good news for consumers.) There is no safe amount of trans fats, so try to keep them as far from your plate as possible.
Cholesterol- rich foods
Years ago, doctors used to recommend that people with heart disease avoid all high-cholesterol foods. But dietary cholesterol does not harm health as much as saturated fats and trans fats do. Research into the effects of dietary cholesterol have been mixed, which is not surprising-different t people have different susceptibilities. Still, if you want to take a firm hand to reduce your risk factors, you may want to consider cutting down on all high-cholesterol foods, including egg yolks, shellfish, liver, and other organ meats like sweetbreads and foie gras.
Good foods to choose:
Soluble fiber
Soluble fiber, may help reduce cholesterol by grabbing onto cholesterol and escorting it through your digestive system and out of your body. It also may reduce the intestinal absorption of cholesterol as well. Some of the best soluble fiber rich foods include; oatmeal, barley, lentils, Brussels sprouts, peas, beans (kidney, lima, black, navy, pinto), apples, blackberries, pears, raisins, oranges, grapefruit, dates, figs, prunes, apricots, broccoli, and sweet potato.
Healthy fats - Omega 3 Fats and Monounsaturated Fats
There was a time when heart researchers slapped the same label -- "bad" -- on every kind of fat. Now, we know that trans fats and saturated fats are amazingly dangerous for cardiovascular health, but omega-3 fats and monounsaturated fats are actually good for your heart. Heart-healthy fish oils are especially rich in omega-3 fatty acids. In multiple studies over the past 15 years, people who ate diets high in omega-3s had 30 to 40 percent reductions in heart disease, and fewer cases of sudden death from arrhythmia. Omega-3s seem to reduce inflammation, reduce high blood pressure, decrease triglycerides, help to make blood thinner and less sticky so it is less likely to clot... PLUS raise HDL cholesterol (that's the good cholesterol) ! So omega-3s affect nearly every risk factor for heart disease. We recommend eating at least three servings (4-ounce portions) of one of the omega-3-rich fish every week - fish like wild salmon, sardines, anchovies and mackerel (not king). If you cannot manage to eat that much fatty fish, incorporate omega 3 fortified eggs and additional plant based sources like walnuts, soybeans and ground flax.
Scientists discovered the benefits of monounsaturated fats, mainly found in olive oil by observing Mediterranean populations. They use olive oil more than any other form of fat and typically have low rates of coronary artery disease. Research shows it doesn't help to just add monounsaturated fats to your diet-you need to replace some of the unhealthy fats that are already in your diet (all those saturated and trans fats mentioned earlier) with better choices. There is evidence that substituting olive oil for saturated fat and low-quality refined carbohydrates can lower LDL-cholesterol (the bad cholesterol) and increase HDL-Cholesterol (the good cholesterol) . Best foods for monounsaturated fats include: olive oil and olives, canola oil, avocado, macadamia nuts, hazelnuts, pecans, almonds, peanuts, cashews, pistachio nuts and natural peanut butter.
Plant sterols or stanols
Sterols and stanols are natural substances found in small amounts in the cell membrane of plants, including fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, and seeds. They are found in relatively high amounts in pistachio nuts, sunflower seeds, and wheat germ. Sterols and stanols have a structure similar to cholesterol, and they compete with cholesterol for access to receptors in the small intestines. Imagine 15 people all hoping to get a ride in their friend's Volkswagen Beetle -not everyone is going to be riding in the car. Sterols/stanols compete with cholesterol, effective blocking its access. Research has shown that sterols and stanols have been shown to reduce LDL cholesterol levels by between 5 and 14 percent.
You can reap these cardiovascular benefits with just 2 grams of sterol/stanol per day, though you can't get that much eating fruits and vegetables alone. Sterols and stanols have been added to certain heart-healthy spreads that taste and cook just like margarine, including Take Control and Benecol spreads. That said they're only for those with cholesterol problems, who should consume no more than the amounts recommended: 2 to 3 tablespoons per day (each tablespoon provides one gram of sterol/stanol) . You can use it on whole-grain bread, melt it on heart-healthy vegetables, or use it in cooking. We recommend trying the light versions of these spreads to save yourself 30 calories per tablespoon. If you're not a bread eater, please don't start just to have a vehicle for these spreads! Instead consider the plant stanol/sterol supplements. My favorite is Cholest-Off by Nature Made. You have to take two tablets in the morning and two tablets at night (a total of four tablets a day), 15 to 30 minutes before a meal. If you are taking a prescription cholesterol- lowering medication, talk with your doctor before taking sterol/stanol supplements.

Difference b/w TV Screen And Computer Monitor

ANSWER I: Computer monitors are capable of accepting signals only from the central processing unit of a computer. Therefore they are unable to reproduce a colour image from a composite video signal whose waveform conforms to a broadcast standard (NTSC, PAL, D-MAC, etc.).
Computer monitors are fitted with connectors characteristic of data processing systems (eg. DINorDB9/15 also called MINI SUB D15Connectors) and do not have an audio circuit.
They are controlled by special adaptors (eg. monochrome or graphic adaptors), which are integrated in the central processing unit of the automatic data processing machine. . Their display pitch size starts at 0.41 mm for medium resolution and gets smaller as resolution increases.
Sor to accommodate the presentation of small, yet well-defined images, computer monitors utilise smaller dot (pixel) sizes and greater convergence standards than those applicable to television receivers. In computer monitors, the video frequency (bandwidth), which is the measurement determining how many dots can be transmitted per second to form an image, is generally 15 MHz or greater. But in case of TV or video monitors, the bandwidth is generally not more than 6 MHz.
The horizontal scanning frequency of these monitors varies according to the standards for various display modes, generally from 15 kHz to over 155 kHz. Some are capable of multiple horizontal scanning frequencies. Horizontal scanning frequency of video/TV monitors is fixed, usually 15.6 or 15.7 kHz depending on applicable television standard.
ANSWER II: In all computer monitors, the image is painted on the screen by an electron beam that scans from one side of the display to the other. In television, transitions in colour, intensity, and pattern as the beam scans across the screen tend to be gradual.
But, the transitions a computer monitor typically processes are abrupt as areas of high intensity transform to areas of black as text is placed on the screen. Television uses a process that relies on the brain's ability to integrate gradual transitions in pattern that the eye sees as the image is painted on the screen. During the first phase of screen drawing, even-numbered lines are drawn. In the next, odd lines are drawn. The eye integrates the two images to create a single image. The scan is interlaced. But, a computer viewer has different needs. The viewer is sitting within a foot or two of the screen and viewing a frequently changing text image.
If a computer monitor used the same method of display as TV, many transitions would produce an annoying amount of flicker, because the brain is less able to integrate the dramatic transition from bright to dark.
Also, a secondary problem occurs due to inability of the monitor to paint interlaced images exactly in between the lines from preceding scan.
Text images makes this much more visible to the eye at the close range, and at the relatively slower speeds of an interlaced scan. So, computer monitors use a technique that paints one continuous image at a time and is said to be non-interlaced.
Consequently, although the scan frequencies of the TV receiver and monitor are similar, computer monitors must be designed to paint every line during every write of the picture to prevent flicker. This requires electronics that operate twice the speed as that of a television.

Shortcuts for Microsoft Outlook

Here are a list of shortcuts to help you move faster in Microsoft Outlook:

Alt + . (Period) Open the Address Book with the To field selected

Alt + A Open the Action drop-down menu

Alt + B Open the Address Book with the BCC field selected

Alt + C Select message recipients for CC field

Alt + D Switch to Daily calendar view

Alt + E Open the Edit drop-down menu
Alt + F Open the File drop-down menu

Alt + G Open the Go drop-down menu

Alt + H Open the Help drop-down menu

Alt + I Open the Find tool bar / Open the Insert drop-down menu

Alt + J Move to the Subject field

Alt + K Check names in the To, CC, or BCC field against the Address Book (cursor must be in the corresponding message header field)

Alt + L Reply All

Alt + M Switch to Monthly calendar view

Alt + N Open the Accounts drop-down menu

Alt + O Open the Format drop-down menu / Switch to Today calendar view

Alt + P Open the Message Options dialog box

Alt + R Reply / Switch to Work Week Calendar view

Alt + S Send

Alt + T Open the Tools drop-down menu
Alt + V Open the View drop-down menu

Alt + W Forward an item / Switch to Weekly calendar view

Alt + Y Switch to Daily calendar view

Ctrl + 1 Go to Mail

Ctrl + 2 Go to Calendar

Ctrl + 3 Go to Contacts

Ctrl + 4 Go to Tasks

Ctrl + 5 Go to Notes

Ctrl + 6 Go to Folder List

Ctrl + 7 Go to Shortcuts

Ctrl + 8 Go to Journal

Ctrl + A Select all

Ctrl + B Bold when editing a rich text message

Ctrl + C Copy

Ctrl + D Delete an item (message, task, contact, etc.)

Ctrl + E Activate the Find drop-down menu / Center Align when editing a rich text message

Ctrl + F Forward

Ctrl + J Open a new Journal Entry from the selected item (message, task, contact, etc.)

Ctrl + K Check names in the To, CC, or BCC field against the Address Book (cursor must be in the corresponding message header field)

Ctrl + M Send/Receive all

Ctrl + O Open

Ctrl + P Print

Ctrl + Q Mark the selected message Read

Ctrl + R Reply

Ctrl + S Save a draft message

Ctrl + T Tab

Ctrl + U Mark the selected message Unread

Ctrl + V Paste

Ctrl + X Cut

Ctrl + Y Go to Folder

Ctrl + Z Undo

Ctrl + Backspace Delete the previous word

Ctrl + End Move to the end

Ctrl + Home Move to the beginning

Ctrl + Shift + A Open a new Appointment

Ctrl + Shift + B Open the Address Book

Ctrl + Shift + C Create a new Contact

Ctrl + Shift + E Open a new folder

Ctrl + Shift + F Open the Advanced Find window

Ctrl + Shift + G Flag message for follow up

Ctrl + Shift + J Open a new Journal Entry

Ctrl + Shift + K Open a new Task

Ctrl + Shift + L Open a new Distribution List

Ctrl + Shift + M Open a new Message

Ctrl + Shift + N Open a new Note

Ctrl + Shift + O Switch to the Outbox

Ctrl + Shift + P Open the New Search Folder window

Ctrl + Shift + Q Open a new Meeting Request

Ctrl + Shift + R Reply All

Ctrl + Shift + S Open a new Discussion

Ctrl + Shift + U Open a new Task Request

Ctrl + Shift + Y Copy a Folder

Shift + Tab Select the previous message header button or field

F1 Open Outlook Help

F3 Activate the Find toolbar

F4 Open the Find window

F7 Spellcheck

F9 Send and receive all

F10 Select File from the Outlook toolbar button

F11 Activate the “Find a contact” dialog box

F12 Save As

Alt + F4 Close the active window

Foreign Embassies in India

AUSTRALIA - 1/50-G, Shantipath, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi – 21
P.O. Box 5210, New Delhi – 110021, Tel:  +91- 011-51399900,

Fax: +91-011-51494490 (Admin)

Australian High Commission - 1/50-G, Shantipath,Chanakya puri,

New Delhi – 21, P.O. Box 5210, New Delhi - 110021 
Tel:  +91- 011-51399900, Fax: +91-011-51494490 (Admin) 

Consulate General of Australia in Mumbai
36, Maker Chambers VI, 220, Nariman Point, Mumbai - 400 021  
Tel:  +91-22-5669 2000, Fax: +91-22-5669 2005       
Website: www.ausgovindia. com

AUSTRIA - Embassy of Austria, EP-13, Chandragupta Marg, Chanakyapuri,

New Delhi – 110021, Tel:  +91-011-2601238, 2601555, 2601607
Telex: 031-82014 AUST IN, Fax:  +91-011-26886929

BANGLADESH
High Commission for the people's Republic of Bangladesh
56, Ring Road, Lajpat Nagar-III, New Delhi - 110024
Tel:  +91-011-26834668, 26839209, 26834065, 26838405
Telex: 031-75218 DOOT IN, Fax:  +91-011-26839237

BELGIUM
Embassy of Belgium, 50-N Shantipath, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi - 110021
Tel:  +91-11-26889851, Fax: +91-11-26885821
Email: NewDelhi@diplobel. org , Website: www.diplomatie. be/newdelhi/

BRAZIL
Brazilian Embassy, 8, Aurangzeb Road, New Delhi - 110011, India 
Tel:   +91-11-3017301, Fax: +91-11-3793684 Email: brasindi@vsnl. com
Website: www.brazilembassyin india.com

BRUNEI DARUSSALAM
Brunei Darussalam High Commission, A-42, Vasant Marg, Vasant Vihar

New Delhi – 110057, Tel:   +91-011-26888341, 26881545
Telex: 031-72429 BDHCI IN, Fax: +91-011-26881808

 BULGARIA
Chancery: EP 16/17 Chandragupta Marg, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi - 110021
Tel:   +91-11-26115549, 26115551, 24108048, 26115550 Fax: +91-11-26876190,

Email: bulemb@starith. net Website: www.bulgariaembindi a.com

CANADA
Canadian High Commission in New Delhi, 7/8 Shantipath, Chanakyapuri
New Delhi - 110 021, India, Tel:   +91-11-51782000, Fax: +91-11-51782020
Email: delhi@international .gc.ca, Website: www.dfait-maeci. gc.ca

Consulate General of Canada in Mumbai
4th Floor, 41/42 Maker Chamber VI, Jamnalal Bajaj Marg,

Nariman Point, Mumbai - 400 021, Maharashtra, India
Tel:   +91-022-22876027/ 30, 22875779, 22828751/52
Fax: +91-022-22875514, Email: mmbai@international .gc.ca

Consulate General of Canada in Chandigarh
SCO# 54-56, Sector 17 A, Chandigarh -160 017, India Tel:   +91-172-5050300

Fax: +91-172-5050320 Email: CHADG-G@internation al.gc.ca

Canadian Consulate in Chennai
18 (Old 24), 3rd floor, YAFA Tower, Khader Nawaz Khan Road,

Nungambakkam, Chennai - 600 034, India, Tel:   +91-44-2833 0888
Fax: +91-44-5215 9393, Email: cheni@gocindia. org

Trade Office of Canada in Bangalore
103, Prestige Meridian 1, 29, M.G. Road, Bangalore - 560 001
Karnataka, India, Tel:   +91-080-25599418, 25581116
Fax: +91-080-25599424, Email: maple@blr.vsnl. net.in

Consulate of Canada in Kolkata
C/o RPG Enterprises, Duncan House, 3 rd Floor,
31, Netaji Subhas Road, Kolkata - 700 001.
Tel:   +91-033-22426820, 22208515
Fax: +91-033-22426828, Email: ccklkta@rpgnet. com

CHILE
Embassy of Chile, 146, Jor Bagh, New Delhi-110003,
Tel:   +91-011-24617123, 24617165, 24617270
Fax: +91-011-24617102, Email: embchile3@vsnl. com
Website: www.echileindia. com

Consulate of Chile in Chennai
Oakland House, 7, Adayar Club Gate Road, Chennai, Tamil Nadu - 600 028
Tel:  +91-044-4340610, Fax: +91-044-24335216,

Email: sunitashahaney@ hotmail.com

Consulate of Chile in Kolkata
Motijug House, 1, Auckland Place, Kolkata, West Bengal - 700 017
Tel:  +91-033-22477898, Email: machineintl@ gems.vsnl. net

Consulate of Chile in Mumbai
"Knowledge Centre", Plot No. 58, Marol Industrial Area, Kodivita,

Andheri East, Mumbai - 400 096,Tel:   +91-022-28290375, 0226971111 

Fax: +91-022-28343669, 28291368, Email: ISKanodia@vsnl. com

CHINA
Embassy of People's Republic of China, 50-D, Shantipath, Chanakyapuri,

New Delhi – 110021,Tel:  +91-01126112345, Fax: +91-011-26885486
Email: chinaemb_in@ mfa.gov.cn Website: www.chinaembassy. org.in

COLOMBIA
Embassy of Colombia, 82-D, Malcha Marg, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi – 110021,   

Tel: +91-011-23012771, 23012773, Telex: 031-62090 EMCO IN,

Fax:  +91-011-23792485, Email: newdelhi@embassy. mzv.cz

CUBA
Embassy of the Republic of Cuba, 4, Munirka Marg, Vasant Vihar
New Delhi – 110057, Tel: +91-011-26883849, 26883851, 26882463
Telex: 031-62167, Fax: +91-011-26883846

CYPRUS
Cyprus High Commission, 106, Jor Bagh, New Delhi - 110003
Tel: +91-011-24697503, 24697508, Telex: 031-61788 CYHC IN
Fax: +91-011-24628828

CZECH REPUBLIC
The Embassy of the Czech Republic in New Delhi, 50-M, Niti Marg, Chanakyapuri,

New Delhi - 110021, India, Tel: +91-011-26110205, 26110318, 26110382, 26886218,

Fax: +91-011-26886221
Email: newdelhi@embassy. mzv.cz , Website: www.mzv.cz

Consulate General of the Czech Republic
"Marcopia" Building, 5, Dr. D.G. Deshmukh Marg (former Peddar Road)
Mumbai - 400026, India, Tel: +91-022-24938789, 24974729, 24973349
Fax: +91-022-24950442, Website: http://www.mzv. cz

Consulate of the Czech Republic in Kolkata
Suite No. 27, KOH-I-NOOR Building (5th Floor), 105, Park Street, Kolkata - 700016, India,

Tel: +91-033-22260124, Fax: +91-033-22264161

Consulate of the Czech Republic in Chennai
4, Thirumalai Pillai Road, T. Nagar, Chennai - 600017, India
Tel: +91-044-28158886, Fax: +91-044-28156666
Email: chennai@honorary. mzv.cz

DENMARK
Embassy of Denmark, 11, Aurangzeb Road, New Delhi - 110011, India
Tel: +91-011-23010900, Fax: +91-011-23792019, +91-011-23792891
Email: delamb@um.dk, Website: www.ambnewdelhi. um.dk

Royal Danish Consulate
8, Cathedral Road, Chennai – 600086, Tel: +91-044-28118140, 28118141
Fax: +91-044-28112185, Email: sbprl@sanmargroup. com

DOMINICA
High Commission for the Commonwealth of Dominica
48, Friends Colony East, New Delhi-110065, India, Tel: +91-011-268456

ESTONIA
Honorary Consulate General of the Republic of Gambia, M-2, Hemkunt Tower,

98, Nehru Place, New Delhi – 110019, Tel: +91-011-26414575, 26449808,

26411007,26431067, Telex: 031-62631, Fax:+ 91-011-26444642

ETHIOPIA
Embassy of the Transitional Government of Ethiopia, 7/50-G, Satya Marg,

Chanakyapuri, New Delhi – 110021, Tel: +91-011-2604407, 2604411, 26884931
Telex: 031-72358 ETH IN, Fax: +91-011-26875731

FINLAND
Embassy of Finland, E-3, Nyaya Marg, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi - 110021, India,

Tel: +91-011-51497500, Telex: 031-82053 FINN IN, Fax:+ 91-011-51497555     
Email: sanomat.nde@ formin.fi, Website: www.finland. org.in

Consulate of Finland in Mumbai
C305, Dharam Palace, 100-103 N S Patkar Marg, Mumbai - 400007, India,

Tel: +91-022-56390033, Fax:+ 91-022-56390044, Email: finconsmumbai@ shrenuj.com

Consulate of Finland in Kolkata
230, A.J.C. Bose Road, Chitrakoot, Kolkata - 700020, India
Tel: +91-033-22474757, Fax: +91-033-22401953, Email: mpc@cal.vsnl. net.in

Consulate of Finland in Chennai
202 (old 742) Anna Salai, Chennai - 600002, India, Tel: +91-044-28524141,     

Fax: +91-044-28521253, Email: siva_holding@ vsnl.net

FRANCE
Embassy of France, 2/50-E, Shantipath, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi - 110021, India,

Tel: +91-011-24196100, Telex: 031-72351 AMB IN, Fax: +91-011-24196169
Email: webmaster@france- in-india. org, Website: www.france-in- india.org

Consulate General of France
Hoechst House, 7th floor, Nariman Point (next to N.C.P.A), Mumbai - 40002, India,

Tel: +91-022-56694000, Fax: +91-022-56694066 Email: mail@consulfrance- bombay.org
Website: www.consulfrance- bombay.org

French Economic Mission
Hoechst House, 7th floor, Nariman Point (next to N.C.P.A), Mumbai - 40002, India, 

Tel: +91-022-56694099, Fax: +91-022-56694090 
Email: bombay@missioneco. org, Website: www.missioneco. org

Email: mail@consulfrance- bombay.org , Website: www.consulfrance- bombay.org

GAMBIA
Honorary Consulate General of the Republic of Gambia, Weston House,

Okhla Industrial Estate, New Delhi – 110020, Tel: +91-011-26847725, 26849976
Telex: 031-75181, 75421 WSTN IN, Fax:+ 91-011-26842307

GERMANY
Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany, No.6, Block 50-G, Shantipath
Chanakyapuri, New Delhi-110021, India, Tel: +91-011-26871831- 37 
Fax: +91-011-26873117, Email: info@new-delhi. diplo.de
Website: www.germanembassy- india.org

 Consulate General of the Federal Republic of Germany in Chennai
49, Ethiraj Road, MICO Building, Post Box 6801, Chennai - 600008, India
Tel: +91-044-28210810/ 824/830, Fax: +91-044-28273542
Email: germanychennai@ eth.net , Website: www.chennai. diplo.de

Consulate General of the Federal Republic of Germany in Mumbai
Hoechst House, 10th floor,  Nariman point, Mumbai - 400021, India
Tel: +91-022-22832422, Fax: +91-022-22025493
Email: Germanconsulmumbai@ vsnl.com, Website: www.germanconsulate mumbai.org

Honorary Consul of the Federal Republic of Germany in Goa
Cosme Matias Menezes Ltd., Rua de Ourem, Panjim, Goa - 403001
Tel: +91-832-235526, Fax: +91-832-223441, Email: menezes_goa@ sancharnet. in

German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD)
3rd floor, 72, Lodi Estate, Lodi Road, New Delhi - 110003, India
Tel: +91-011-24615148, 24615009, Fax: +91-011-24690919
Website: www.daaddelhi. org

DAAD Information Centre - Chennai
Max Mueller Bhavan, New No. 23, Old No. 13, Khader Nawaz Road
Chennai - 600006, India, Tel: +91-044-28331442/ 50
Fax:+91-044-28331450, Website: http://ic.daad. de/chennai/

DAAD Information Point - Mumbai
Indo-German Training Center, 2B, Vulcan Insurance Building, Veer Nariman Road,

Churchgate, Mumbai – 400020, Tel: +91-022-22818591 Fax: +91-022-22840531,

Email: mumbai@daadindia. org

GHANA
Ghana High Commission, 50-N, Satya Marg, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi-110021,  India,

Tel: +91-011-26883298, 26883315, 26883338,Telex: 031-72484 GHCD IN,

Fax:+91-011-26883202 GHANACOM DELHI

GREECE
Embassy of Greece, EP-32, Dr. S. Radhakrishnan Marg, Chanakyapuri,               

New Delhi - 110 021, India, Tel: +91-011-26880700, Fax:+91-011-26888010
Email: gremb@bol.net. in, Website: www.greeceinindia. com

Honorary Consulate General of Greece in Mumbai
Baharestan, 30/A Juhu Tara Road, Juhu, Mumbai - 400049, India
Tel: +91-022-26607852, Fax:+91-022-26606446

Honorary Consul General of Greece in Chennai
9, Cathedral Road, Chennai, India, Tel: +91-044-28118000
Fax:+91-044-28117411

Honorary Consul General of Greece in Kolkata
Bells House, 10th floor, 21, Camac Street, Kolkata - 700016, India
Tel: +91-033-22831541, 22831542, Fax:+91-033-22831545

ICELAND
Honorary Consulate General of the Republic of Iceland
v 41/2, M Block, Speedbird House, Connaught Circus, New Delhi-110001,

India, Tel: +91-011-23321122, 23321172, Fax:+91-011-23321275

INDONESIA
Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia, 50-A, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi-110021,  

India, Tel: +91-011-2602352, 2602354, 2602343, 2602348, 2602305, 2602306,

2602307, Telex: 031-82079 KBRI IN, Fax:+91-011-2604885

IRAN
Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Iran, No.5, Barakhamba Road,

New Delhi-110001, India,Tel: +91-011-23329600/ 01/02
Telex: 031-66421 IRAN IN, Fax:+91-011-23325493
Email: info@iran-embassy. org.in, Website: www.iran-india- scienceedu. com

Consulate General of the Islamic Republic of Iran
"Swapnalok", 1st floor, 47 Nepean Sea Road, Mumbai - 400026, India
Tel: +91-022-3630073, 3631029, Fax:+91-022-3637002
Website: www.iriconmumbai. com

IRAQ
Embassy of the Republic of Iraq, 169-171, Jor Bagh, New Delhi-110003, India,

Tel: +91-011-24618011, 24618012, Telex: 031-66253 IRAQ IN

IRELAND
Embassy of Ireland, 230, Jor Bagh, New Delhi-110003, India
Tel: +91-011-24626733/ 741/714/743, Fax:+91-011-24697053
Website: www.irelandinindia. com

Honorary Consulate General - Mumbai
Kamanwalla Chambers, 2nd floor, Sir P.M. Road, Fort, Mumbai - 400001,

India, Tel: +91-022-256355635

Honorary Consul General - Bangalore
Biocon, 20th K.M. Hosur Road, Electronic City P.O.

Tel: +91-080-28082006/ 08, Fax:+91-080-28523423

ISRAEL
Embassy of Israel, 3, Aurangzeb Road, New Delhi-110011, India
Tel:+91-011-23013238, Fax: +91-011-23014298
Email: info@newdelhi. mfa.gov.il, Website: www.mfa.gov. il

ITALY
Embassy of Italy, 50-E, Chandragupta Marg, New Delhi-110021, India
Tel: +91-011-26114355, Fax:+91-011-26873889
Email: ambasciata.newdelhi @esteri.it, Website: www.italembdelhi. com

Italian Consulate in Mumbai
Kanchanjunga, 1st floor, 72 G. Deshmukh Marg, Mumbai - 400026
Tel: +91-022-23804071/ 73, Fax:+91-022-23874074, 23811940
Email: consmumb@bom5. vsnl.net. in, Website: www.italianconsulat emumbai.com

Italian Consulate in Kolkata
3, Raja Santosh Road, Alipore, Kolkata - 700027, India
Tel: +91-033-24792414, 24792426, Fax:+91-033-24793892
Email: italy@cal2.vsnl. net.in

IVORY COAST
Honorary Consulate of Ivory Coast, Punj House, M-13, Connaught Circus
New Delhi-110001, India, Tel: +91-011-23323548, 23323621
Telex: 031-62739/65194, Fax:+91-011-23326087

JAPAN
Embassy of Japan, 50-G, Shantipath, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi-110021, India
Tel: +91-011-26876581, 26876582, 26876564, Website: www.in.emb-japan. go.jp

Consulate General of Japan in Kolkata
55, M.N. Sen Lane, Tollygunge, Kolkata-700040, India 
Tel: +91-033-24211970, Fax:+91-033-24211971

Consulate General of Japan in Mumbai
1, M.L. Dahanukar Marg, Cumbala Hill, Mumbai-400026, India 
Tel: +91-022-23517101, Fax:+91-022-23517120

Consulate General of Japan in Chennai
No.12/1, Cenetoph Road, 1st Street, Teynampet, Chennai-600018, India
Tel: +91-044-24323860, 24323861, 24323862, 24323863,                  

Fax:+91-044-24323859

JORDAN
Embassy of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, 30, Golf Links,

New Delhi - 110 003, India, Tel: +91-011-24653318 / 24653099
Fax:+91-011-24653353,  
Email: jordan@jordanembass yindia.org , Website: www.jordanembassyin dia.org

KAZAKHSTAN
Embassy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 61, Poorvi Marg, Vasant Vihar
New Delhi - 110057, India, Tel: +91-011-51669464/ 65
Fax:+91-011-51669467, Email: embaskaz@vsnl. com, Website: www.kazind.com

KENYA
The Kenyan High Commission, 34 Paschimi Marg, Vasant Vihar
New Delhi - 110057, India, Tel: +91-011-26146537/ 38/40
Fax:+91-011-26146550
Email: info@kenyamission- delhi.com , Website: www.kenyamission- delhi.com

KOREA-(DPR)
Embassy of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, 42/44, Sundar Nagar
New Delhi-110003, India, Tel: +91-011-24617140, 24615189, 26466357,

26426549, 2653259, Telex: 031-65059 KORE IN, 031-73074 DAES IN
KOREA-REPUBLIC
Embassy of the Republic of Korea, 9, Chandragupta Marg, Chanakyapuri
New Delhi-110021, India, Tel: +91-011-26885412, 26885419, 26885374,

26885375, 26885376, Telex: 031-82002 GKND IN, Fax:+91-011-26884840

KUWAIT
Embassy of the State of Kuwait, 5-A, Shantipath, Chanakyapuri
New Delhi-110021, India, Tel: +91-011-26884946, 24100791/92/ 93
Email: kuinfo@kuwait- info.com, Website: www.kuwait-info. com

KYRGYZSTAN
Embassy of the Kyrgyz Republic,  C-93, Anand Niketan, New Delhi – 21

India. Tel: +91-011-24108008, Fax: +91-011-24108009,

Email: alatoo@starith. net, Website: www.kgzembind. com

LAOS
Embassy of the Lao People's Democratic Republic, A-20, Friends Colony East
New Delhi-110065, India, Tel: +91-011-2634013, 2633459
Telex: 031-75173 LPDR IN

LATVIA
Honorary Consulate of the Republic of Latvia, 48/11, Malcha Marg,

Chanakyapuri New Delhi-110021, India, Tel: +91-011-23012931, 23010471,

Telex: 031-66915 ESC IN, Fax:+91-011-23013753

LEBANON
Embassy of Lebanon, 10, Sardar Patel Marg, New Delhi-110021, India
Tel: +91-011-23013174, 23013637, Telex: 031-61161 LBAN IN

 LIBYA
People's Bureau of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
22, Golf Links, New Delhi-110003, India
Tel: +91-011-24697717, 24697771, 24698027
Telex: 031-65193 LIBY IN, Fax:+91-011-24633005

 LUXEMBOURG
Honorary Consulate of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
B-35, Greater Kailash-I, New Delhi-110048, India
Tel: +91-011-23230136, 23236459, Fax:+91-011-23238046, 23235520       

MALAYSIA
High Commission for Malaysia, 50-M, Satya Marg, Chanakyapuri
New Delhi-110021, India, Tel: +91-011-2601291, 2601292, 2601296,

2601297, Telex: 031-82056 WAKIL IN, Fax:+91-011-26881538

MALTA
Consulate of the Republic of Malta, D-70, East of Kailash
New Delhi - 110065, India, Tel: +91-011-55359090, 26439090
Fax:+91-011-51659090
Email: maltaconsulate@ emailid.net , Website: www.malta.kathpalia .org

MAURITIUS
Mauritius High Commission, 5, Kautilya Marg, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi-110021, India,

Tel: +91-011-23011112, 23011113 Telex: 031-66045, Fax:+91-011-23019925

MEXICO
Embassy of Mexico, D-26, Sardar Patel Marg, Chanakyapuri
New Delhi - 110021, India, Tel: +91-011-4107182- 84
Fax:+91-011-4107185
Email: embamexindia@ touchtelindia. net, Website: www.sre.gob. mx

Consulate of Mexico in Mumbai
Uniphos House, C.D. Road, Khar (West), Mumbai - 400052, India
Tel: +91-022-4930681, 4930560, Email: shroffrd@un. phos.com

MONACO
Honorary Consulate General of the Republic of Nauru, C-5/4,

 Safdarjung Development Area, New Delhi-110016, India

Tel: +91-011-26863427, 26863906 Telex: 031-73310 CNAU IN,

Fax:+91-011-26862502

MONGOLIA
Embassy of Mongolia, 34, Archbishop Makarios Marg,

New Delhi-110003, Tel: +91-011-24631728, 24617989
Fax: +91-011-24633240, Website: www.mongemb. com

MOROCCO
Embassy of the Kingdom of Morocco, 33, Archbishop Makarios Marg
New Delhi-110003, Tel: +91-011-24636920/ 24
Fax: +91-011-24636925, Email: sifamand@Giasdl01. vsnl.net. in

MYANMAR
Embassy of the Union of Myanmar, 3-50F, Nyaya Marg, Chanakyapuri
New Delhi-110021, Tel: +91-011-2600251, 2600252
Telex: 031-72224 MEND IN, Fax:+ 91-011-26877942

NAMIBIA
High Commission of the Republic of Namibia, D-6/24, Vasant Vihar
New Delhi-110057, Tel: +91-011-26140389, 26140890, 26141772
Fax: + 91-011-26146120

NEPAL
Royal Nepalese Embassy, Barakhamba Road, New Delhi-110001
Tel: +91-011-23329969, 23328066, 23329218, 23327361, 23328191,

23327594, Telex: 031-66283 NEMB IN, Fax:+ 91-011-23326857

NETHERLANDS
Royal Netherlands Embassy, 6/50-F, Shantipath, Chanakyapuri
New Delhi-110021
Tel: +91-011- 24197600, Fax: +91-011-24197710
E-mail: nde@minbuza. nl, Website: www.hollandinindia. org

Consulate General of the Netherlands in Mumbai
"Forbes Building" Charanjit Rai Marg, Mumbai-400001
Tel: +91-022-22016750, Fax: +91-022-22069436
Email: bom@minbuza. nl

Consulate of the Netherlands in Chennai
Netherlands Business Support Office, #203, 2nd floor, Sigma Wing,
'A' Block, Raheja Towers, 177, Anna Salai, Chennai-600002
Tel: +91-044-52158388, 28601640, Fax: +91-044-28603641
Email: nbposr@vsnl. com

Consulate of the Netherlands in Kolkata
502, Mangalam-A 24, Hermanta Basu Sarani, Kolkata-700001
Tel: +91-033-22204273, 22208994, 22435274
Fax: +91-033-22430165, Email: nedconsl@cal2. vsnl.net. in

NEW ZEALAND
High Commission for New Zealand, 50-N, Nyaya Marg, Chanakyapuri
New Delhi-110021, Tel: 26883170, Fax: 91-11-26872317

NIGERIA
Nigerian High Commission, EP.4, Chandragupta Marg, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi-110021,

Tel: +91-011-24122142- 4 Fax: +91-011-24122138, Website: www.nigeriadelhi. com

 NORWAY
Royal Norwegian Embassy, 50-C, Shantipath, Chanakyapuri
New Delhi-110021, Tel: +91-011-2605982, 2605003, 2606517, 2606570
Telex: 031-82071, Fax:+ 91-011-26873814

OMAN
Embassy of the Sultanate of Oman, 16, Olof Palme Marg, Vasant Vihar
New Delhi-110057, Tel: +91-011-2670215, 2674798, 2671704, 26885980
Telex: 031-72342 OMAN IN

PANAMA
Embassy of Panama, 25, Vasant Marg, Vasant Vihar, New Delhi-110057
Tel: +91-011-26872051, 2677065, Fax:+ 91-011-26872051

PORTUGAL
Embassy of Portugal, 8, Olof Palme Marg,, Vasant Vihar,

New Delhi-110057, Tel: +91-011-26142215,

Fax: +91-011-26152837, Email: emportin@ndf. vsnl.net. in

QATAR
Embassy of the State of Qatar, G-5, Anand Niketan, New Delhi-110021
Tel: +91-011-2601240, 2601741, Telex: 031-72304 HWAR IN
Fax: + 91-011-26882184

RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Embassy of the Russian Federation, Shantipath, Chanakyapuri
New Delhi-110021, Tel: +91-011-26873799, 26873800, 2606558,

2606026, 2607007 2606137, Telex: 031-82016,

Fax:+ 91-011-26876823, Email: indrusem@del2. vsnl.net. in

Russian Consulate General in Mumbai
42, Nepean Sea Road "Palm Beach", Mumbai - 400006
Tel: +91-022-23633627, 23633628, 23681431
Fax: +91-022-23630403, E-mail: consul@mtnl. net.in
Telex: 1174562 SOVK

Russian Consulate General in Kolkata
22A, Raja Santosh Road-700027, Tel: +91-033-24797006
Fax: +91-033-24798889, 24498701
E-mail: consulru@cal3. vsnl.net. in Telex: 218024 RFGCIN

Russian Consulate General in Chennai
14, Santhone High Road, Chennai-600004, Tel: (8-10-9144) 2-498 - 23 - 30/20,

Fax: (8-10-9144) 2-498 - 23 - 36 E-mail: madrasrus@vsnl. net, Telex: 417515 RUSC

Russian Centre for Science and Culture in New Delhi
24, Ferozeshah Road, New Delhi-110 001, Tel: +91-011-23329100
Fax: +91-011-23737786, Email: culture@del2. vsnl.net. in

Russian Cultural Centre in Chennai
27, Kasturi Ranga Road, Alwarpet, Chennai-60001
Tel: +91-044-4990050, 4990615
Fax:+ 91-044-4993135, Email: ruscult@vsnl. com

Russian Cultural Centre in Mumbai
31-A, Dr. G. Deshmukh, Mumbai-400026
Tel: +91-022-23512495, 23510793, Email: info@russian- centre-mumbai. org

SAUDI ARABIA
Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia, D-12, N.D.S.E. Part-II New Delhi-110049,

Tel: +91-011-26442470, 26442471, 26445419,   26445054, Fax:+ 91-011-26449423
SENEGAL
Embassy of the Republic of Senegal, 30, Paschimi Marg, Vasant Vihar,

 New Delhi-110057, Tel: +91-011-26873720, 26875808, 26876824
Telex: 031-72041, Fax:+ 91-011-26875809

SINGAPORE
Singapore High Commission, N-88, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi-110017,

India, Tel: +91-011-51019801- 4, Fax: +91-011-51019805/ 16/26
Email: singhnd@giasdl01. vsnl.net. in

SOUTH AFRICA
South African Embassy, Hotel Hyatt Regency, R. No.323
Bhikaji Cama Place, Ring Road, New Delhi-110066
Tel: +91-011-26881234, Fax:+ 91-011-2609855

SPAIN
Embassy of Spain, 12, Prithviraj Road, New Delhi-110011
Tel: +91-011-23792085, 23792082, 23792074
Telex: 031-61488 SPEM IN, Fax:+ 91-011-23793375 

SWEDEN
Embassy of Sweden, Nyaya Marg, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi-110021
Tel: +91-011-2604961, 26875760, Telex: 031-82023 SVEN IN
Fax:+ 91-011-26885401, Email: embassy.new. delhi@sida. se

SWITZERLAND
Embassy of Switzerland, Nyaya Marg,Chanakyapuri, New Delhi-110021, (P.O. Box 392),

Tel: +91-011-26878372, Fax: +91- 11-26873093 Email: Vertretung@ndh. rep.admin. ch

 UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
Embassy of the United Arab Emirates, EP-12, Chandragupta Marg
Chanakyapuri, New Delhi-110021, Tel: +91-011-2670830, 2670945, 26872822, 26872937,

Telex: 031-72325 EMAT IN

UNITED KINGDOM
British High Commission, Shantipath, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi -110021
Tel: +91-011-26872161, Fax: +91-011-26870065
Email: postmaster.nedel@ fco.gov.uk

British Deputy High Commission
1A Ho Chi Minh Sarani, Kolkata-700071, Tel: +91-033-22885172/ 73-76
Fax: +91-033-22883435, Email: kolkata@fco. gov.uk

British Deputy High Commission
Maker Chambers IV, 2nd floor, 222 Jamnalal Bajaj Road
Nariman Point, Mumbai-400021, Tel: +91-022-56502222
Fax: +91-022-22027940, Email: postmaster.bombay@ fco.gov.uk

British Deputy High Commission
20 Anderson Road, Chennai-600006, Tel: +91-044-52192151
Fax: +91-044-52192322, Email: bdhcchen@vsnl. com

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
United States Embassy, Shantipath, Chanakyapuri,   New Delhi-110021,

Tel: +91-011-2419- 8000
Fax: +91-011-2419- 0017, Email: ndcentral@state. gov

U.S. Consulate General in Kolkata
5/1, Ho Chi Minh Sarani, Kolkata-700071
Tel: +91-033-22823611, Email: pascal@state. gov

U.S. Consulate General in Chennai
No. 220, Anna Salai, Chennai-600006
Tel: +91-044-28112000, Email: chennaic@state. gov

U.S. Consulate General in Mumbai
Lincoln House, 78, Bhulabhai Desai Road, Mumbai-400026
Tel: +91-022-23633611, Email: webmastermumbai@ state.gov

YEMEN
Embassy of the Republic of Yemen, B-70, Greater Kailash-1
New Delhi-110048, Tel: +91-011-26414623, 26414731,26451348
Telex: 031-71436 GMDN IN, Fax:+ 91-011-26451346

Recover a correpted Excel file

Microsoft has some great tips for recovering data from Excel files that won't open or are otherwise corrupt although they are sometimes a little difficult to try. See the tips section for them. You may want to try them first, or a combination with the list below.

Steps

1. Close down Excel, reopen it and try to open the file again.
2. If this doesn't work, restart the computer, open up Excel and try to open the file again.
3. If this doesn't work, delete the contents of your c:\windows\temp directory then reboot. Try again.
4. If this doesn't work, open Excel in Safe Mode. This will disable VBA and Add-ins. Click on Start then Run then enter (including the quotes and the /s extension): "C:\Program Files\Microsoft Office\Office\ excel.exe" /s ["C:\Program Files\Microsoft Office\Office10\ excel.exe" /s (for Excel 2002, Office XP, click cancel if the MS Office Installer starts, Excel in safe mode will still start)]. Try to open the file.
5. If this doesn't work, be sure to scan the file for viruses. Make sure your macro heuristics scanning option is turned on. Ask your IT administrator how to do this.
6. If you don't find a virus, find the file in Explorer, right click on it and rename it, replacing the .xls extension with the .doc extension. Try to open it as Word document.
7. If this doesn't work, try to determine if the file is unrecoverable on the disk. Open the file in Explorer and try to copy it to another location. If you can copy the file to another location skip to step 9, if not the actual sectors on the disk may be corrupted. If the data is valuable enough to you, there are several labs that can recover files off damaged disks, you can find a lab here: http://www.disaster recoverygroup. com/. There are other such services too). Damaged hard disk file recovery is not for the faint at heart! If you would like to try there are a bunch of free tools starting here:http://www.s2servic es.com/baddisk. htm. There are several programs you can buy, one for as little as 40$. A good list is here:http://www.webattac k.com/shareware/ system/swdatarec overy.shtml. The File Recovery program at the top of the list appears to be the best. For recovery from a bad floppy disk download or use a freeware program to recover the file from the floppy. Some freeware for this purpose can be found here:http://www.simtel. net/pub/pd/ 60018.html and here: http://www.s2servic es.com/cdzipandf loppyreapir. htm.
8. Try to open any damaged disk recovered file immediately, miracles do happen.
9. If the recovered file won't open or you could copy the file to another location, try to open the file in a more recent version of Excel. As the version numbers increase, their ability to recover corrupt files increases. If this doesn't work or such a version of Excel is not available, see if some other spreadsheet application is and try to open the file in that program.
10. A hopefully exhaustive list of Office Suites is available from Google at: http://directory. google.com/ Top/Computers/ Software/ Office_Suites/. but here is one too: Microsoft Works Spreadsheet, Lotus 123, Quattro Pro, Star Office Calc, ThinkFree Office Calc, Ability Office Spreadsheet, Gobe Productive Spreadsheet, EI Office's Spreadsheet Module, Xoom Office Calc, Open Office Calc (part of the freeware Open Office Suite - similar to Star Office, free business use!) - available at: http://www.openoffi ce.org/dev_ docs/source/ 1.0.1/index. html, 602 Tab (part of the freeware 602Pro PC Suite 2001, also free for business use!), available at: http://www.software 602.com/products /pcs/download. html, Easy Spreadsheet (part of the freeware Easy Office 2001 - $39.95 for business use), available at: http://www.e- press.com/ demo_downloads. html, standalone spreadsheets: http://directory. google.com/ Top/Computers/ Software/ Spreadsheets.
11. If Microsoft can't help you (see the tips section) and you've exhausted all the free methods above for damaged disk recovered or copiable files there are a number of excellent commercial applications which will recover your files almost immediately. Try the free demos first (see "External Links" below).
12. If you are adventurous, go into Explorer, locate the file again, and rename it with a .txt extension instead of an .xls extension. Try opening the file, and if Windows says it can't open it Notepad but will open it in WordPad, agree. Be sure to turn on word wrapping in either program, in Notepad it's under the Format menu; in WordPad it's under the View menu, choose Options, choose the Text Tab, and choose Wrap to window. Next look for where your data stops, and is followed by a bunch of spacer characters they are little squares. These actually begin to tell Excel where cells, columns and rows are. When you find your last bit of data, delete the rest of the file. After this rename it back to an .xls extension, try opening the file in the oldest version of a spreadsheet you can find, or one of the freeware spreadsheets programs mentioned in Step 9. You may be able to recover your data in some semblance of a spreadsheet.

Tips

• You would be well advised to take a look at Microsoft's articles on the subject first even if you find them confusing. If you have Excel 2002 and 2003, see the MS Office Assistant Article about recovering files: http://office. microsoft. com/assistance/ preview.aspx? AssetID=HA010346 561033&CTT=6&Origin=EC0105530710 33.

Warnings

• This process can be either tedious and time consuming or expensive or even in some rare cases both.

How to Create an Excel Financial Calculator

A financial calculator can be expensive for students. It is not intuitive to use. Unless they become investment bankers or realtors, most students will never use their financial calculator after finishing the financial course. Fortunately, it is very easy to create a financial calculator for free if you have Excel on you computer. An Excel calculator can do much more than a dedicated financial calculator.

Steps

1. Install Microsoft Excel on your computer, if you don't already have it.
2. To make the learning process simple, click the link at the bottom of this page to download an already created financial calculator. [Tip: use Shift-Click to open it in a new window.]
3. It is assumed that you already have some knowledge of the 5 parameters often used in finance - FV (future value), PV (present value), Rate, Nper (number of periods) and PMT (payment). The function of this calculator is, given any 4 of these parameters, to calculate the 5th parameter.
4. Try the sample calculator for calculating FV, future value. Suppose you want the result of FV to be shown in field B17. Input the rate in B12, the number of periods in B13, the payment in B14, the present value in B15 and B16 for Type. In Excel, the Type is either 0 or 1. Type is 0 if payments are due at the beginning of the period. Type is 1 if payments are due at the end of the period. [Refer to the sample calculator you just opened in step 1].
5. To make your own financial calculator in Excel, start a new file or sheet and label fields for Rate, Nper, PMT, PV, and Type, and add some sample values. Choose the cell where you want the result for FV to go. Click Insert, then Function (or f_x on the task bar) to open Insert Function window. In the left column, select "Financial". This will give you all the functions in financial calculation.
6. Double-click FV. A Function Arguments window will open. Fill in the field numbers according to how you labeled them. If you like, while you're in this window, click the ? button for help and read the details of how this Excel function works.
7. Click Ok and congratulations, your financial calculator for FV is created. If you fill in the value of Rate, Nper, PMT, and PV, Field B17 will show the FV.
8. Continue in this way to make Rate calculator, Nper calculator, and so on. When you are done, you will have a very intuitive financial calculator, and you will learn better finance than if you had bought a fancy financial calculator. Have fun!

Tips

• You may want to protect the fields have has formulas built in so that you do not accidentally delete the formulas. To protect a field, click in that cell, then right click and choose Format Cells. In the Protection tab, check Locked.
• Enter money paid out, like loan payments, in negative numbers. Enter money taken in, like interest dividends, in positive numbers.
• You can also make Excel calculators to make financial calculations in the case of an uneven payment. The sample calculator has examples of some additional functions. Your professor may be surprised at how fast you can make these calculations.

Warnings

• When using this calculator, be sure your units are consistent. That is, if you are using periods in months, make sure that you are using a monthly interest rate, too. To get monthly interest rate, divide the yearly interest rate by 12.
• You may not have access to Excel during a test or quiz. If you are taking a class, find out ahead of time if you will need a financial calculator for tests and see if you can borrow one from a friend. Learn how to use it in advance.

New worm targets USB sticks

 

Source : MSN India

Sophos  researchers warn of a new worm named 'SillyFD-AA' that is targeting removable drives.

In both its mode of infection and lack of profit motive, 'SillyFD-AA' harks back to the days when viruses were written for kicks rather than money...

'SillyFD-AA' singles out removable drives including USB memory sticks and floppy disks to create hidden files called 'autorun.inf, ' that ensure a copy of the worm runs the next time these devices are plugged into computers running Windows.

And, the worm changes the title of Internet Explorer Windows to announce to the world that the computer has indeed been 'hacked by 1BYTE'.

Senior Technology Consultant at Sophos, Graham Cluley, said that while the worm hasn't been widely distributed yet, they are issuing warnings because of the potential danger presented by it.

He said it would be easy to add to this worm, the ability to transmit through other routes such as e-mail and instant messaging.

Cluley remarked that it is interesting to see hackers using different techniques in their attempt to break into peoples' computers.

This type of attack is perhaps understandable as so many businesses these days have e-mail gateway protection in place... which means, they can scan files coming into their company via e-mail attachments, but not files coming in attached to keychains in peoples' pockets.

As a precautionary measure, Sophos has advised users to disable the autorun facility of Windows, so that removable devices such as USB keys and CD ROMs will not automatically launch when attached to PCs.

Also, any storage device attached to a computer should be checked for viruses and other malware before use.

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External Hard Disk

One of the simplest ways to give your laptop more hard drive space, or backup all of your important files without burning them to CD or DVD, is to build your own external hard drive. This hard drive would be able to connect to any computer with a spare USB port. You can easily and quickly transfer large files between computers, and also have a form of backup in the event something ever happens to your computer. This external hard drive will work on computers running Windows 2000/XP or Linux.

Steps

1. You must obtain an internal hard drive (from now on referred to as an HDD). The first step is to decide on one of the standard physical sizes for any HDD. If you already have a spare HDD laying around for this project, skip to step 3. There are basically 3 HDD sizes: 1.8", 2.5", and 3.5". 1.8" and 2.5" are the standard sizes for laptop HDD's. Laptop HDD's can be powered by the USB cable, so there is no AC adapter needed. Laptop HDD's are however more expensive than internal PC HDD's, so if you are not worried about size or another power cord, a desktop PC HDD may be the way to go.
2. Choose and purchase a compatible enclosure. Take into consideration the physical size of your HDD, as well as its interface (ATA100, ATA133, Serial ATA150, Serial ATA II, etc.). Decide on a connection type that suits the needs of all computers that will be connected. USB2.0 is currently a good standard, and it will work on any computer or laptop with a free USB connection. FireWire (IEEE1394) is even faster, however it is not as common in all computers yet. Be sure to also compare fan noise levels (if it has a fan, and if the noise level is displayed). For a HDD that will be running whenever your computer is turned on, a fan will be most likely a good thing to have, while HDD's used primarily for backup usually won't need one. Also check to see if there is a power switch on 3.5" enclosures. Without one, you will need to unplug the adapter to power down the drive. For backup this isn't a big deal, but some people using their drive for secondary storage might find it annoying to plug and unplug every time they start and shut down their computers.
3. Unwrap both your enclosure and HDD.
4. Follow your instructions on how to correctly open your enclosure.
5. Set your HDD to the Master setting (or Master/No Slave if one exists). This jumper setting is located between the Molex power connector (4 large round pins) and the ATA/SATA connector. You will see 2 rows of four or five small pins, and a small clip (jumper) connected to 2 of them. Pull out the jumper with a tool such as tweezers or a pencil, and place it in the Master position if it is not already there. A diagram of the different jumper settings can usually be found right on the top label of the HDD.
6. Connect your enclosure's Molex power connector and ATA/SATA ribbon cable to your HDD. Although it would be very hard to accidentally plug these in upside-down, take a moment to make sure that the ribbon cable and power connector are properly aligned before inserting them.
7. Screw the HDD into the enclosure. 4 or more screws were supplied with the enclosure. There will be 4 holes, 2 on each side of the HDD, and corresponding holes inside the enclosure.
8. Take one last look at the inside before you close it. Make sure you did not forget to connect anything. Read your instructions (you HAVE been reading them too, havent you? :) and make sure you covered all of the steps. It will be a pain to open it all over again because you forgot to change the jumper to Master or something.
9. Close the enclosure.
10. Connect the power cord (if one is necessary) and the USB or FireWire cord to your drive.
11. USB and FireWire are Plug-and-Play, meaning that you do not need to turn off the computer before connecting your drive. Connect the other ends of these cords to your computer and surge protector (you ARE using a surge protector, right? :).
12. Turn your computer on if it is not already. Go to My Computer. It is most likely on your desktop, but can also be found in the Start menu in Windows XP.
13. You should see a new device in the 'Devices with Removable Storage' section.
14. Right click on it and select Format (about half way down the list).
15. Format the drive using NTFS for use in Windows (ext3 is good for Linux) as the File System. To read and write from both Linux and Windows, use fat32. You can give it a Volume Label if you wish. Example: External, Secondary, Backup, etc. Be sure Quick Format is not selected. This will allow any bad sectors to be recognized and to be roped off from any data being stored later on.
16. Wait for formatting to complete. This may take longer for large drives.
17. Good Job! You have successfully built your own external hard drive.

Tips

• This wiki can also easily be applied to adding a Zip Drive, CD ROM/Burner, or DVD ROM/Burner. CD/DVD ROM's/Burners will only be supported by the 5.25" enclosure size. This enclosure size is special because it also supports HDD's. A Zip drive is 3.5" so you will need a bezel (sometimes supplied with your enclosure, but otherwise only a few dollars) to fill the void around the smaller drive and secure it to the enclosure. The drives mentioned here all can use a variety of ribbon cables and power connector sizes, so make sure your enclosure is compatible with the hardware you will insert.
• If your new drive has both USB and FireWire, only use one (the fastest one compatible with your computer(s)) . If you are using USB, plug your cord in to your computer's USB High Speed (2.0) connector. If you do not have a High Speed connector, or use the wrong one, it will only mean that you will be transferring data more slowly between the drive and your computer.

Warnings

• Make sure your enclosure has no HDD capacity limit (no larger than a certain number of Gigabytes (GB)), or that this limit does not conflict with your drive's capacity. Unfortunately, some older enclosures may have a somewhat low limit (say 132GB) and not advertise this. Be careful! And if you attempt to use a larger HDD, format it to this limit or lower, or you will most likely encounter sector read errors or something :(
• Never force the ribbon cable! There should be some resistance when connecting it, but if it won't go in, the pins may not be lined up correctly. If you do manage to bend the pins (hopefully not too many of them), take time to pry them back into place with a screw driver or something.
• You should always use all 4 screws when adding a HDD to any computer or enclosure, and make them tight. HDD's spin at a high RPM, and vibrations may occur if the drive is not properly secured. These vibrations can cause an annoying humming noise, and even damage to the drive over time.
• Keep movement of the drive to a minimum while it is turned on. This once again causes unnecessary vibrations.
• HDD's are very easy to damage when dropped onto a hard surface. The read/write heads can crash onto the platter/s and leave physical damage on the platter, rendering that space on the disk useless as well as making the unit as a whole too damaged for use.
• Be sure to use the "Remove Hardware" icon on the task bar before removing the drive from the USB port, Failure to do so may cause the drive to not work properly.
• Remember that when the hard drive is outside of the enclosure, it is un-protected from static discharge. So do try to keep it from static and the causes thereof.
• Formatting the drive as ext3 will make it unreadable on a Windows system and formatting as ntfs will make it read-only (you can't copy files onto it) on many linux systems. Fat32 (called vfat in linux) will be read-write on both operating systems.

All about UK visa

How do I qualify to travel to the UK as a visitor?

You must be able to show that:

• you want to visit the UK for no more than six months
• you intend to leave the UK at the end of your visit, and
• you have enough money to support yourself and live in the UK without working or needing any help from public funds.

What is a visa?

A visa is a certificate that is put into your passport or travel document by an Entry Clearance Officer at a British mission overseas. The visa gives you permission to enter the UK.

If you have a valid UK visa we will not normally refuse you entry to the UK unless your circumstances have changed, or you gave false information or did not tell us important facts when you applied for your visa.

When you arrive in the UK, an Immigration Officer may ask you questions, so take all relevant documents in your hand luggage.

Do I need a visa to visit the UK?

You will need a visa if you:

• are a national of one of the countries listed at on the Visa and DATV nationals page on this website
• are stateless (you do not have a nationality)
• hold a non-national travel document (a travel document which does not give you the nationality of the country that issued it), or
• hold a passport issued by an authority that is not recognised in the UK.

Does my child need a visa to visit the UK?

Your child will need a visa if they:

• are a national of one of the countries listed at on the Visa and DATV nationals page on this website
• are stateless
• hold a non-national travel document
• hold a passport issued by an authority not recognised in the UK.

If a child visitor is travelling to the UK without an adult (over the age of 18) you will need to provide:

• evidence to show that suitable living arrangements have been made for their stay in the UK
• contact details of the parent or guardian in the child’s home country

If a child visitor is travelling with an adult (over the age of 18) the adult must be identified when the child’s visa is applied for. The adult’s name will appear on the visa and if the child arrives in the UK without that adult, they will be refused entry. Up to two adults can be identified, as long as the parent or guardian has given their consent (permission) .

The child’s visa is only valid if the child travels with at least one of the adults identified on their visa.

How long will my visa be valid for?

With a visit visa you can usually enter and leave the UK any number of times while the visa is still valid. The Entry Clearance Officer (ECO) may occasionally limit a visa so that it is valid for only one or two entries. You cannot stay for longer than six months on each visit. Visit visas can be valid for six months, one year, two years, five years or ten years. You can apply for a visa valid for any of these periods. The ECO may decide to make your visa valid for a shorter time than you have asked for, for example if you are not a regular traveller or have never visited the UK before.

How do I apply for a visa?

You can apply in a number of ways, for example, by post, by courier, in person and online. The visa section of your nearest British mission overseas will tell you about the ways in which you can apply.

Some visa sections will only accept applications made online. To find out if you can apply for your visa online plesse visit www.visa4uk. fco.gov.uk

You can apply for a visit visa or EEA family permit at any full service visa-issuing office. If you are applying from within the EEA, you will need to show that you are living legally in an EEA member state. ‘Living legally’ includes having a visit visa for the member state. For all other types of visa, you should apply in the country of which you are a national or where you legally live.

In some countries, if you are applying for a visa to stay in the UK for more than six months, you may need to be tested for active tuberculosis before we will accept your application. You can find out if you need to be tested by using the Do I need a UK visa? on this website, or by contacting your nearest British mission overseas which has a visa section.

What do I need to make my application?

You will need to make your application online or fill in the following visa application form:

Application form VAF1 - Non-Settlement  (PDF, 165K)

You will also need:

• Your passport or travel document.
• A recent passport-sized (45mm x 35mm), colour photograph of yourself. This should be:
  • taken against a light coloured background
  • clear and of good quality, and not framed or backed
  • printed on normal photographic paper, and
  • full face and without sunglasses, hat or other head covering unless you wear this for cultural or religious reasons.
• The visa fee. This cannot be refunded, and you must normally pay it in the local currency of the country where you are applying.
• Any supporting documents relevant to your application.

What supporting documents should I include with my application?

You should include all the documents you can to show that you qualify for entry to the UK as a visitor. If you do not, we may refuse your application.

As a guide, you should include:

• bank statements, payslips, or some other evidence to show that you can pay for the trip and that you have enough money to support yourself and any dependants without working or getting any help from public funds, and
• evidence that you intend to leave the UK at the end of your visit (for example, a letter from your employer).

If you are visiting family or friends you will need:

• a letter from your sponsor (the person you are visiting) explaining your relationship with them and the purpose of your visit, and
• a copy of the bio data page (the page containing their photograph) of their UK passport or; if they are not a UK national, evidence of their immigration status in the United Kingdom.

If your sponsor will be supporting you during your visit, or paying for the cost of the visit, you will need:

• payslips, bank statements, or some other evidence to show that they have enough money to support you.

We will refuse your application if we find that any documents are forged.

What will happen when I make my application?

The Entry Clearance Officer will try to make a decision using your application form and the supporting documents you have provided. If this is not possible, they will need to interview you.

Please check your visa when you get it. You should make sure that:

• your personal details are correct
• it correctly states the purpose for which you want to come to the UK, and
• it is valid for the date on which you want to travel. (You can ask for it to be post-dated for up to three months if you do not plan to travel immediately. )

If you think there is anything wrong with your visa, contact the visa section immediately.

Can I appeal if you refuse my visit visa?

If we refuse you a visa to visit a close relative, you can appeal against our decision.

The Entry Clearance Officer will tell you if you can appeal.

For more information about appeals, see our Appeals (INF 19) guidance.

What are public funds?

Under the Immigration Rules, if you want to travel to the UK as a visitor you must be able to support yourself and live without claiming certain state benefits. Use this link to see a list of them:
Public funds

You are not allowed to enter the UK or stay as a visitor in the UK to receive medical treatment on the National Health Service (NHS). Information on how you can enter the UK to have private medical treatment is in this guidance.

You can find more information about public funds in the Immigration Directorate Instructions (IDIs) and Immigration Rules on the Border and Immigration Agency website.

Border and Immigration Agency

Can I carry out any business during my visit?

As a visitor, you can:

• go to meetings and trade fairs, buy goods, and negotiate and complete contracts with UK businesses
• go to conferences and seminars as a delegate
• find out about, check the details of, or examine goods, and
• get training as long as it is classroom-based instruction or limited to observation only.

In limited circumstances you can also enter the UK as a visitor if you are:

• delivering goods from abroad
• a representative of a foreign company coming to service, repair or install their products
• an adviser, consultant, trainer or other kind of specialist who is employed abroad either directly or under contract by the same company or group of companies
• a guest speaker or expert speaker at a conference or seminar, or you are running a conference or seminar for no more than five days, or
• a sportsperson or entertainer travelling for trials, auditions, or personal appearances that do not involve performances.

You cannot:

• take paid or unpaid work
• produce goods or provide services in the UK, or
• sell goods and services to members of the public.

If a UK company has invited you to visit the UK you should provide a letter from the company explaining what you will be doing and the purpose of the trip. If your company or the UK company is paying for the trip this should also be confirmed in the letter.

Whether you are visiting the UK for business or social reasons, you can only stay for a maximum of six months. If you often visit the UK, you can apply for a visa that is valid for one, two, five or ten years. You can then visit the UK as often as you like while your visa is still valid, but you can only stay for up to six months on each visit.

Can I study in the UK?

As a visitor, you can study during your stay. You can only apply to stay longer than six months if you entered the UK with a student or prospective student visa.

You can get more information from the Students (INF 5) guidance on this website.

Can I get married or register a civil partnership in the UK?

If either you or your future husband, wife or proposed civil partner are not EEA (European Economic Area) or Swiss nationals, you can visit the UK together to get married or register a civil partnership as long as you intend to leave the country within six months.

• Everyone coming to the UK to get married or to register a civil partnership (except EEA and Swiss nationals) must get a ‘visit for marriage’ or 'visit for civil partnership' entry clearance or visa. Note that we will not begin to accept applications for 'visit for civil partnership' entry clearance or visa.
• Applicants will need to show evidence that arrangements have been made for either notification of the marriage or civil partnership to take place during the period for which leave is granted.
• You can get married or register a civil partnership in any location licensed for the purpose of marriage or civil partnerships. Once you are both in the UK you will need to give official notice of your marriage or civil partnership at a designated register office. If you are a non EEA or Swiss national you should bring with you your entry clearance or Certificate of Approval. You can get more information about marriage or civil partnerships and register offices from the General Register Offices:
  England and Wales - www.gro.gov. uk
  Scotland – www.gro-scotland. gov.uk
  Northern Ireland – www.groni.gov. uk

Can I get medical treatment in the UK?

You can apply for a visit visa to travel to the UK for private medical treatment. You must be able to show that you:

• have made suitable arrangements for the necessary consultation or treatment
• have enough money to pay for the treatment
• have enough money to support yourself and live without working or getting any help from public funds while you are in the UK, and
• intend to leave the UK at the end of your treatment.

We may also ask you to provide the following.

• A doctor’s letter giving details of your medical condition and the treatment you need.
• Confirmation that you have made suitable arrangements for the consultation or treatment and how long the treatment will last.
• Evidence that you can afford to pay for the consultation and treatment. We may also ask you to give an undertaking (in other words, a formal agreement) that you will pay for the consultation and treatment.

Can I stay more than six months for medical treatment?

If you need to stay longer than six months to complete your medical treatment you can apply to the Immigration and Nationality Department. Their contact details are under 'More advice and information' at the end of this guidance. IND will charge a non-refundable fee for any extension application.

You are not allowed to enter or stay in the UK to receive treatment on the National Health Service (NHS). You must make sure that you have enough medical insurance for the whole of your stay.

Does the UK have any health-care arrangements with my country?

The UK has health-care arrangements with a number of foreign governments so that their nationals can be referred to the UK for free hospital treatment under the NHS. You can get information about these arrangements from the Department of Health website (www.doh.gov. uk), or from your nearest British mission overseas where there is a visa section.

Department of Health - Overseas visitors

More advice and information

UKvisas
For more advice and information about visas contact:

UKvisas
London SW1A 2AH

General enquiries: 0845 010 5555
Please note that this number may not work from outside the UK. If you are calling from outside the UK, please contact your nearest British mission where there is a visa section:

UK diplomatic missions overseas

Application forms: (+44) (0)20 7008 8308
Textphone: +44 (0)20 7008 8457
Email: www.ukvisas. gov.uk/enquiries

Border and Immigration Agency(BIA)
For more advice and information about extending your stay once you are in the UK contact:

Border and Immigration Agency

Croydon Public Caller Unit
Lunar House
40 Wellesley Road
Croydon CR9 2BY

General enquiries: (+44) (0)870 606 7766
Application forms: (+44) (0)870 241 0645
Email: indpublicenquiries@ ind.homeoffice. gsi.gov.uk
Website: www.bia.homeoffice. gov.uk

Immigration and Advisory Service (IAS)
The Immigration Advisory Service is the UK's largest charity providing advice and repersentation in asylum, immigration and nationality law. It has offices across the UK and abroad. It provides a free service to those who are eligible and may be able to help those who are not. The IAS is a non-profit service.

Immigration Advisory Service

The Immigration Advisory Service
3rd Floor, County House
190 Great Dover Street
London SE1 4YB

Telephone: (+44) (0)20 7967 1200
Duty office (open 24 hours a day): (+44) (0)20 8814 1559
Fax: (+44) (0)20 7403 5875
Email: advice@iasuk. org
Website: www.iasuk.org

Revenue and Customs
For advice on bringing personal belongings and goods into the UK contact:

HM Revenue & Customs

Dorset House
Stamford Street
London SE1 9PY

Telephone: (+44) (0)845 010 9000
Website: www.hmrc.gov. uk

Drugs warning
Anyone found smuggling drugs into the UK will face serious penalties. Drug traffickers may try to bribe travellers. If you are travelling to the UK, avoid any involvement with drugs.

Forged or destroyed documents
Travellers to the UK may commit an offence if they do not produce valid travel documents or passports to the UK immigration authorities for themselves and their children. People found guilty of this offence face up to two years in prison or a fine (or both).

Health insurance
Before you travel, please check that you have suitable health insurance to cover you if you have an accident or you become ill while you are in the UK. Medical treatment in the UK can be expensive and visitors are not covered by the National Health Service (NHS).

Alternative formats
In the UK we also have versions of our guidance notes in Braille, on audio tape and in large print. If you would like any guidance notes in one of these formats, please contact:

UKvisas
London SW1A 2AH

Phone: (+44) (0)20 7008 8308
Email: www.ukvisas. gov.uk/enquiries

How Touch-screen monitors work

Touch screen monitors — where you can use your finger on the computer screen to navigate through the contents — have become more and more commonplace over the past decade, particularly at public information kiosks. A basic touch screen has three main components: a touch sensor, a controller, and a software driver. The touch screen is an input device, so it needs to be combined with a display and a PC to make a complete touch input system.
The Touch Sensor has a textured coating across the glass face. This coating is sensitive to pressure and registers the location of the user's finger when it touches the screen. The controller is a small PC card that connects the touch sensor to the PC. It takes information from the touch sensor and translates it into information that PC can understand. The Software Driver is a software update for the PC system that allows the touchscreen and computer to work together. It tells the computer's operating system how to interpret the touch event information that is sent from the controller.
There are three basic systems that are used to recognise a person's touch — Resistive, Capacitive and Surface acoustic wave.
The resistive system consists of a normal glass panel that is covered with a conductive and a resistive metallic layer. These layers are held apart by spacers, and a scratch-resistant layer is placed on top of the whole set up. An electrical current runs through the two layers while the monitor is operational. When a user touches the screen, the two layers make contact in that spot. The change in electrical field is noted and coordinates of the point of contact are calculated. Once the coordinates are known, a special driver translates the touch into something that the operating system can understand, much as a computer mouse driver translates a mouse's movements into a click or drag.
In the capacitive system, a layer that stores electrical charge is placed on the glass panel of the monitor. When a user touches the monitor with his or her finger, some of the charge is transferred to the user, so the charge on the capacitive layer decreases. This decrease is measured in circuits located at each corner of the monitor. The computer calculates, from the relative differences in charge at each corner, exactly where the touch event took place and then relays that information to the touch screen driver software. One advantage of the capacitive system is that it transmits almost 90 per cent of the light from the monitor, whereas the resistive system only transmits about 75 per cent. This gives the capacitive system a much clearer picture than the resistive system.
The surface acoustic wave system uses two transducers (one receiving and one sending) placed along the x and y axes of the monitor's glass plate. Also placed on the glass are reflectors — they reflect an electrical signal sent from one transducer to the other. The receiving transducer is able to tell if the wave has been disturbed by a touch event at any instant, and can locate it accordingly. The wave setup has no metallic layers on the screen, allowing for 100-percent light throughput and perfect image clarity. This makes the surface acoustic wave system best for displaying detailed graphics (both other systems have significant degradation in clarity).

A-Z of Fruits

A - Z Fruits & their Values

Please forward it to all of your friends.

Apple

Apples, known as a cleansing food, contain fibre, antioxidants and fruit flavonoids. This fruit is also a source of vitamin C.

Apples, known as a cleansing food, contain fibre, antioxidants and fruit flavonoids. This fruit is also a source of vitamin C.
 Apples, known as a cleansing food, contain fibre, antioxidants and fruit flavonoids. This fruit is also a source of vitamin C.
Key benefits of apples

Apples, known as a cleansing food, contain fibre, antioxidants and fruit flavonoids. The most important of the flavonoids contained in apples is quercetin, which has anti-inflammatory as well as anti-cancer actions. Apples contain vitamin C as well – more so in green apples than in red ones. Apples can reduce blood cholesterol levels, counter constipation and diarrhoea, help joint problems and help prevent diseases in general. How much apples should you eat?

Apples can be eaten freely, but more than two or three a day does not increase the health benefits. Large quantities of apple juice can encourage tooth decay and diarrhoea.

Maximising the benefits of apples

Apples are best eaten raw, as cooking them can reduce the flavonoids by as much as 70 percent into the cooking water. It is also a good idea to eat the apple unpeeled as flavonoids are contained in or near the skin.

Nutritional values of apple

Calories

57

Fibre

1,8 g

Potassium

120 mg

Vitamin C

10 mg

Vitamin E

0,6 mg

Quantities per 100 g

Appricot

An apricot, with its fat, juicy, bright-coloured flesh, is rich in the antioxidant beta-carotene as well as iron and potassium.

An apricot, with its fat, juicy, bright-coloured flesh, is rich in the antioxidant beta-carotene as well as iron and potassium.
Key benefits of apricots

Apricots are rich in the antioxidant beta-carotene and rich in iron and potassium. It can help regulate blood pressure and is also high in soluble fibre, which helps maintain regular bowel function.

How much apricots should you eat?

Dried or fresh apricots can be eaten freely. A handful of dried apricots supplies one fifth of an adult's daily potassium needs and between 10 and 20 percent of an adult's iron needs.

Maximising the benefits of apricots

Dried apricots should be eaten with foods that are rich in Vitamin C so that iron absorption can be increased.

Nutritional values of apricots

Calories

188

Carotenes

323 mcg

Fat

1 g

Fibre

8 g

Iron

4 mg

Potassium

1880 mg

Carbohydrates

37 g

Starch

0

Sugars

37 g

Protein

4 g

Glycaemic index high

100 g Dried apricots

Avocado

The avo is a natural source of monounsaturated fat, which makes it a heart-healthy food package. And it's delicious!

The avo is a natural source of monounsaturated fat, which makes it a heart-healthy food package. And it's delicious!
Key benefits of avocado

Avocados reduce cholesterol and so reduce the risk of atherosclerosis. They also have antioxidant ability and contain both vitamins E, C and B6, as well as potassium.

How much avocado should you eat?

Intake of avocados should be moderate, as they are high in calories. A whole avocado weighs about 130g and has about 240 calories.

Maximising the benefits fo avocado

Avocado is a natural source of monounsaturated fat, which makes it a heart-healthy food package. Alpha-carotene is best absorbed with some fat, as is vitamin E.

Nutritional values of avocado

Calories

190

Potassium

450 mg

Fibre

3,4g

Vitamin E

3,2mg

Per 100 g raw

Banana

Bananas are great, no-fuss snacks. They're also packed with goodness and are great sources of potassium and vitamin B6. 

Bananas are great, no-fuss snacks. They're also packed with goodness and are great sources of potassium and vitamin B6.
Key benefits of bananas

Bananas are a good source of both potassium and vitamin B6. They not only help to maintain bowel health, but are also good energy-boosting snacks. As bananas ripen, their starch is converted into sugar. Bananas help to maintain blood sugar levels and it is also a fruit which is easily digested.

How much banana should you eat?

Bananas can be eaten freely, within limits. A banana weighing 100 g contains about 62 calories. It must be remembered that dried bananas are a more concentrated source of nutrients than plain bananas.

Maximising the benefits of banana

Fresh, ripe bananas are a very good source of fruit sugars and can give a quick energy boost.

Nutritional values of banana

Calories

62

Potassium

270 mg

Vitamin B6

0.19 mg

Vitamin C

7 mg

Niacin

0.5 g

Per 100g ready-to-eat, weighed with the skin

BlackBerry

Blackberries are a good, low-fat source of vitamin E. These sexy berries also make fantastic, healthy dessert treats.

Blackberries are a good, low-fat source of vitamin E. These sexy berries also make fantastic, healthy dessert treats.
Key benefits of blackberries

Blackberries are a good low fat source of vitamin E and it helps to fight infection. It also contains salcylate, which is thought to lower the chance of heart risk. It also contains vitamin C, phenolic acids and folate.

How much blackberries should you eat?

Blackberries can be eaten in many forms, from juice to desert or just fresh.

Maximising the benefits of blackberries

Blackberries are best eaten fresh, but the cooked variety still contains high quantities of vitamin E.

Nutritional values of blackberries

Calories

25

Fibre

3,1 g

Folate

34 g

Vitamin E

2,4 mg

Per 100g serving

Blackcurrants
Did you know that blackcurrants have a high vitamin C content – 4 times as much as oranges of equivalent weight?

Did you know that blackcurrants have a high vitamin C content – 4 times as much as oranges of equivalent weight?
Key benefits of blackcurrants

Blackcurrants have a high vitamin C content – four times as much as oranges of an equivalent weight. They are rich in antioxidants and flavonoids and help to relieve inflammation as well as urinary tract infections. It is also a good source of potassium.

How much blackcurrants should you eat?

Blackcurrants can be eaten freely, either raw, or cooked. Blackcurrant juice often contains very little fruit.

Maximising the benefits of blackcurrants

Blackcurrants in all forms work as antioxidants, as anti-inflammatory and theanthocyanin flavonoids counter the bacteria that cause food poisoning and urinary tract infections.

Nutritional values of blackcurrants

Calories

28

Carotenes

100 mcg

Fiber

3,6 g

Iron

1,3 mg

Potassium

370 mg

Vitamin C

200 mg

Vitamin E

1 mg

Per 100g uncooked serving

Blueberry
Blueberries have many health benefits, including the highest antioxidant ability of all fresh fruit. And they're great in puddings.

Blueberries have many health benefits, including the highest antioxidant ability of all fresh fruit. And they're great in puddings.
Key benefits of blueberries

Blueberries have many health benefits, including the highest antioxidant ability of all fresh fruit. They also have effective anti-inflammatory, anti-blood clotting and antibacterial effects. In the past they were often used to combat diarrhea and food poisoning. They are also thought to have anti-ageing properties.

How much blueberries should you eat

About thirty berries per day (65 g) is considered beneficial.

Maximizing the benefits of blueberries

Blueberries are not sour and can be eaten raw, so preserving their vitamin C content. Lightly cooked fruit retain their therapeutic properties.

Nutritional values of blueberries

Calories

30

B vitamins

Good range

Fiber

1,8 g

Vitamin C

17 mg

Per 100g uncooked serving

Cherry
Suffer from gout? Cherries are believed to relieve this painful condition if eaten daily. But that's not all they're good for.

Suffer from gout? Cherries are believed to relieve this painful condition if eaten daily. But that's not all they're good for.
Key benefits of cherries

Cherries contain the powerful antioxidant anthocyadin. Cherries are believed to relieve gout if at least 225 g are eaten daily. They are also thought to have a mild laxative action.

Maximizing the benefits of cherries

Although fresh cherries have a very short season, cherries that have been bottled, canned or cooked seem to retain their beneficial qualities.

Nutritional values of cherries

Calories

39

Potassium

170 mg

Vitamin C

9 mg

Carbohydrates

12 g

Starch

0

Sugars

12 g

Protein

1 g

Fat

< 1 g

Glycaemic index low

Per 100g fresh

Cranberry
The cranberry can be considered a "super food", because of its strong anti-inflammatory mechanism in the body.

The cranberry can be considered a "super food", because of its strong anti-inflammatory mechanism in the body.
Key benefits of cranberries

Cranberries may reduce bladder infections. They also help to maintain a healthy heart and also may have anti-inflammatory benefits, as they have anti-fungal and antiviral properties. It is also thought that small amounts of cranberries may benefit kidney stone sufferers. The condensed tannins in cranberries have strong antioxidant properties.

How much cranberries should you eat?

To combat urinary tract infections, 300 ml of cranberry juice can be drunk daily.

Maximizing the benefits of cranberries

Condensed tannins which are found in cranberries are not destroyed in cooking. These tannins are powerful antioxidants.

Nutritional values of cranberries

Calories

15

Fiber

3

Iron

0,7 mg

Vitamin C

13 g

Per 100g raw

Figs
Nothing like a sweet, ripe fig in summer, right? Find out why these decadent fruits are also fantastic health boosters.

Nothing like a sweet, ripe fig in summer, right? Find out why these decadent fruits are also fantastic health boosters.
Key benefits of figs

Dried or semi-dried figs are a good snack with which to increase energy and raise blood sugar levels quickly. They are also known for their laxative properties. It is thought that they also have cancer-discouraging action.

How much figs should you eat?

As figs are very high in sugar content, not too many of them should be eaten.

Maximizing the benefits of figs

Figs can be eaten fresh, dried or semi-dried. Figs are a source of potassium, calcium, iron and magnesium.

Nutritional values of figs

Carbohydrate

53 g

Starch

0

Sugars

53 g

Protein

4 g

Fat

2 g

Glycaemic index high

Per 100g raw

Grapefruit
Did you know that grapefruit is best eaten when fresh and chilled as this maximises its vitamin C content? Learn more.

Did you know that grapefruit is best eaten when fresh and chilled as this maximises its vitamin C content? Learn more.
Key benefits of grapefruit

All citrus fruit are excellent sources of Vitamin C, which helps to maintain the body's defenses. The flavonoid narigenin is found in grapefruit. It is thought to reduce the risk of some cancers. Grapefruit can improve blood circulation and lower blood cholesterol levels.

How much grapefruit should you eat?

Citrus fruit can be eaten freely. Two or three citrus fruits can provide the body with 20 percent of its potassium requirements.

Maximising the benefits of grapefruit

Grapefruit is best eaten peeled and raw. This is more beneficial than grapefruit juice. It is important also to eat the skin around the segments. Grapefruit is best eaten when fresh and chilled as this maximizes its vitamin C content.

Nutritional values of grapefruit

Calories

20

Vitamin C

24 mg

Fiber

0,9 mg

Foliate

18 mcg

Carbohydrate

9 g

Starch

0

Sugars

9 g

Glycaemic Index high

Per 100g

Grapes
Grapes are not only good for wine making. Both red and black grapes also contain powerful antioxidants. 

Grapes are not only good for wine making. Both red and black grapes also contain powerful antioxidants.
Key benefits of grapes

Both red and black grapes contain powerful antioxidants and resveratrol, which helps to prevent both the narrowing and hardening of the arteries. Ellagic acid, which has anti-cancer properties, is also contained in grapes. They do, however, have very high sugar content.

How much grapes should you eat?

Grapes have many health benefits, but have a high sugar content and should therefore be eaten in moderation.

Maximizing the benefits of grapes

Grapes are a good source of potassium.

Nutritional values of grapes

Calories

60

Carbohydrate

15 g

Starch

0

Sugars

15 g

Protein

<1g

Fat

<1 g

Glycaemic Index medium

Per 100g

Kiwifruit
Kiwis are cute and quirky. However, they're also an excellent way to give your vitamin C and potassium intake a boost.

Kiwis are cute and quirky. However, they're also an excellent way to give your vitamin C and potassium intake a boost.
Key benefits of kiwifruit

Kiwifruit is one of the world's most nutritious fruit and it contains very high levels of vitamin C, potassium and chlorphyll. It contains a wealth of nutrients and antioxidants. It has anti-cancer effects.

How much kiwifruit should you eat?

An average kiwifruit weighs 75 g. It is a very healthy fruit and can be eaten in many different ways.

Maximizing the benefits of kiwifruit

Kiwifruit should be eaten as soon as they are ripe, and sliced just before being eaten, as leaving them standing could decrease their vitamin C levels.

Nutritional values of kiwifruit

Calories

42

Fiber

1,6 g

Potassium

250 mg

Vitamin C

51 mg

Glycaemic Index medium

Per 100g

Lemons
Don't be shy when you sprinkle your fish with lemon. You'll just be kick-starting your immune system in a healthy way.

Don't be shy when you sprinkle your fish with lemon. You'll just be kick-starting your immune system in a healthy way.
Key benefits of lemons

Lemons have a very high vitamin C content. Lemons help to lower cholesterol levels and also have anti-cancer effects, because of lemons' limonoid phytochemicals.

How much lemons should you eat?

Lemons are low in calories, but because they are generally quite sour, they tend to be eaten in dressings, sauces or drinks, rather than on their own. A daily portion of citrus fruit is recommended.

Maximizing the benefits of lemons

Limonoids and limonene are found in the whole lemon – pith and peel included. It is therefore best to make use of the whole lemon.

Nutritional values of lemons

Calories

7

Fiber

0,1 g

Potassium

130 mg

Vitamin C

36 mg

Per 100g juice

Mango
Sweet, funky and oh-so-irresistible. Find out why mangoes are a great, healthy fruit to be addicted to.

Sweet, funky and oh-so-irresistible. Find out why mangoes are a great, healthy fruit to be addicted to.
Key benefits of mango

Mango is thought to bring about a reduced risk of colon and cervical cancer. It is a rich source of beta-carotene, which the body can convert to vitamin A. It also contains beta-cryptoxanthin.

How much mango should you eat?

An average mango weighs about 150 g. They can be eaten just as is, or mixed into fruit salads.

Maximizing the benefits of mango

As beta- cryptoxanthin is best absorbed by the body when eaten with fat, it is a good idea to eat mangoes as part of a meal, rather than on their own.

Nutritional values of mango

Calories

57

Fibre

2,6 g

Vitamin C

37 mg

Vitamin E

1 mg

Glycaemic Index medium

Per 100g

Melons
Lower your risk for cancer and heart disease - simply make a point of snacking more often on a tasty slice of melon.

Lower your risk for cancer and heart disease - simply make a point of snacking more often on a tasty slice of melon.
Key benefits of melons

Melons are good sources of beat-carotene and vitamin C. They may have an anti-clotting action on the blood. Melons are also thought to lower cancer and heart disease risk.

How much melon should you eat?

Melons are reasonably low in calories and can be eaten freely. They also have very high water content.

Maximizing the benefits of melons

Melons with a lighter yellow or green colour as well as watermelons contain less vitamin C and beta-carotene than orange melons do.

Nutritional values of melons

Calories

35

Per 100g

Orange
Right, so you know oranges are great for vitamin C. But did you know that citrus fruits can improve blood circulation?

Right, so you know oranges are great for vitamin C. But did you know that citrus fruits can improve blood circulation?
Key benefits of oranges

All citrus fruit are excellent sources of Vitamin C, which helps to maintain the body's defense. Flavonoids are found in oranges. These are thought to reduce the risk of some cancers. Citrus fruits can improve blood circulation and lower blood cholesterol levels.

How much oranges should you eat?

These can be eaten freely. Two or three citrus fruits can provide the body with 20 percent of its daily potassium requirements.

Maximising the benefits of oranges

Citrus fruits are best eaten peeled and raw. This is more beneficial than drinking fruit juice. It is important also to eat the skin around the segments.

Nutritional values of oranges

Calories

20

Vitamin C

24 mg

Fibre

0,9 mg

Folate

18 mcg

Carbohydrate

9 g

Starch

0

Sugars

9 g

Glycaemic Index high

Per 100g

Papaya
Go for the tropical and the exotic. Buy a papaya next time you're at your grocer - and increase your beta-carotene intake.

Go for the tropical and the exotic. Buy a papaya next time you're at your grocer - and increase your beta-carotene intake.
Key benefits of papaya

Papaya is thought to bring about a reduced risk of colon and cervical cancer. It is a rich source of beta-carotene, which the body can convert to vitamin A. It also contains beta-cryptoxanthin.

How much papaya should you eat?

Papaya can be eaten just as is, or mixed into fruit salads.

Maximising the benefits of papaya

As beta- cryptoxanthin is best absorbed by the body when eaten with fat, it is a good idea to eat papaya as part of a meal, rather than on their own.

Nutritional values of papaya

Calories

57

Vitamin C

37 mg

Fibre

2,6 mg

Vitamin E

1 mg

Per 100g

Peaches
Struggling with constipation? Try including more fresh peaches in your diet - they have a gentle laxative effect.

Struggling with constipation? Try including more fresh peaches in your diet - they have a gentle laxative effect.
Key benefits of peaches

Peaches are low in calories and one 100 g peach provides almost three quarters of the daily vitamin C requirement. The fruit has a gentle laxative effect. Peaches are also rich in iron and potassium.

How many peaches should you eat?

Fresh peaches are low in calories and can be eaten freely. If canned in syrup, however, their calorie counts increase significantly.

Maximizing the benefits of peaches

Weight for weight, dried peaches contain six time the calories of fresh peaches. It must also be remembered that when peaches are canned, they lose 80 percent of their vitamin C content.

Nutritional values of peaches

Calories

43

Per 100g

Pear
Fresh, juiced, or dry - pears make a healthy, sweet treat. Up your antioxidant intake with this popular fruit.

Fresh, juiced, or dry - pears make a healthy, sweet treat. Up your antioxidant intake with this popular fruit.
Key benefits of pears

Pears are very unlikely to trigger allergic reactions, so can be used in exclusion diets. They contain hydroxycinnamic acids, which act as antioxidants.

How much pears should you eat?

Pears make good energy-boosting snacks and a medium pear weighs about 160 g. They are reasonably low in calories and can be eaten quite freely.

Maximizing the benefits of pears

Eat pear with the skin, not just for the fiber, but also because chlorogenic acid tends to accumulate in pear skin.

Nutritional values of pears

Calories

59

Fiber

2,2 g

Potassium

150 mg

Vitamin C

6 mg

Per 100g

Pineapple
Pineapples are great for cocktails. But there's more to it. These fruit can also aid digestion and possibly thwart infections. 

Pineapples are great for cocktails. But there's more to it. These fruit can also aid digestion and possibly thwart infections.
Key benefits of pineapples

Pineapples are a source of vitamin C and potassium. Pineapples may also have anti-inflammatory effects. It contains the enzyme bromelain, which is thought to aid digestion. Pineapple reduces blood-clotting and could also help to remove plaque from arterial walls.

How much pineapple should you eat?

Pineapple is healthy and should be eaten often. A thick slice weighs around 80 g.

Maximizing the benefits of pineapples

Cooked pineapple loses its bromelain, so it is best eaten fresh. Tinned pineapple also has a very high sugar content.

Nutritional values of pineapples

Calories

41

Potassium

160 mg

Vitamin C

12 mg

Fibre

1,2 g

Per 100 g

Plums and prunes
Plums and prunes aren't just for the old and constipated. Their strong antioxidant properties give them celebrity status.

Plums and prunes aren't just for the old and constipated. Their strong antioxidant properties give them celebrity status.
Key benefits of plums

Plums and prunes have a high antioxidant ability and offer a high level of defence against free radicals. They are also a source of both iron and potassium and also contain vitamin E. Prunes are also known for their laxative effect and are a good source of fibre.

How much plums should you eat?

Three small plums or prunes equals one portion of fruit.

Maximising the benefits of plums

Both fresh and dried plums offer antioxidant benefits.

Nutritional values of plums

Calories

36

Potassium

240 mg

Fibre

1,6g

Per 100 g

Strawberry
Being the only fruit that wears its seeds on the outside, the strawberry has a right to be a little cheeky. Find out more.

Being the only fruit that wears its seeds on the outside, the strawberry has a right to be a little cheeky. Find out more.
Key benefits of strawberries

Strawberries raise the antioxidant levels in the body and are also a rich source of vitamin C. The ellagic acid they contain appear to inhibit the growth of tumours. They are also a good source of salicylic acid.

How many strawberries should you eat?

Strawberries can be eaten freely as they are very low in calories.

Maximizing the benefits of strawberries

Strawberries should be eaten when fresh, as their antioxidant values as well as their vitamin C content drops the longer they are kept.

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Nutritional values of strawberries

Calories

27

Vitamin C

77 mg

Folate

20 mcg

Fibre

1,1g

Per 100 g

Typing Foreign Key characters in a Standard Keyboard

Have you ever wanted to know how to type letters with umlauts (those two little dots) on them? Or maybe you want to know how to type that upside down question mark¿ Well look no further, because this article will show you how to type all of those characters and more!

Steps

If you want to type the Ç symbol, hold down the ALT button on the lower right hand side of your keyboard and type 128 in the numbers keyboard on the left hand side of the keyboard (yes that part does have a purpose)and release the ALT key. Refer to the chart below for other number-symbol combinations and follow the above process for typing them but substitute the number given for the desired symbol.

1. ALT 128 Ç (Cedille- French)
2. ALT 129 ü
3. ALT 130 é
4. ALT 131 â
5. ALT 132 ä
6. ALT 133 à
7. ALT 134 å
8. ALT 135 ç
9. ALT 136 ê
10. ALT 137 ë
11. ALT 138 è
12. ALT 139 ï
13. ALT 140 î
14. ALT 141 ì
15. ALT 142 Ä
16. ALT 143 Å
17. ALT 144 É
18. ALT 145 æ
19. ALT 146 Æ
20. ALT 147 ô
21. ALT 148 ö
22. ALT 149 ò
23. ALT 150 û
24. ALT 151 ù
25. ALT 152 ÿ
26. ALT 153 Ö
27. ALT 154 Ü
28. ALT 155 ¢
29. ALT 156 £
30. ALT 157 ¥
31. ALT 158 ₧
32. ALT 159 ƒ
33. ALT 160 á
34. ALT 161 í
35. ALT 162 ó
36. ALT 163 ú
37. ALT 164 ñ
38. ALT 165 Ñ
39. ALT 166 ª
40. ALT 167 º
41. ALT 168 ¿ (upside-down question mark - Spanish)
42. ALT 173 ¡ (upside-down exclamation point - Spanish)
43. ALT 34 „ (Start quotation marks- German)
44. ALT 0128 € (Euro symbol)

Tips

• On some computers this trick does not work unless Num lock is on. If the symbol does not appear, press the Num lock button in the upper left hand side of the number pad.
• Other combinations may display punctuation, but since they have been assigned their own key, they have not been put up here.
• Make sure you release the Alt key after each 3-digit combination. You must press it again for the next combination if you have more than one in succession, e.g. the German word "Grüße" ("ü" is ALT 129 and "ß" is ALT 225, actually a Greek "beta", but similar enough to the German "ess-zet").
• Note that this only works with programs which accept an ASCII input, such as email, NotePad, WordPad, but not MS Word, try it for the program you are using
• ALT 97-122 have the lower-case letters of the alphabet and ALT 65-90 have the capitalized letters of the alphabet
• The numbers beyond 170 can also have meaning, such as special characters and the Greek alphabet. Try to get hold of a complete ASCII table with an extended character set.
• You can also go to control panel > Character map

Warnings

• Do not attempt to write entirely with ALT combinations as it can be extremely tiring and it is much simpler to type on the QWERTY board.